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. 2024 Feb 28;12:e16828. doi: 10.7717/peerj.16828

Table 2. Color patterns on juveniles, initial phase, and terminal phase of the four members of the H. melanotis species complex in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean.

Species Juvenile Initial-phase Terminal phase
H. sanchezi, n.sp. Mid-dorsal fin spot large, oblong, upper edge yellow, extends onto body scales. Lateral stripe red on white. Mid-dorsal fin spot smaller, oblong, upper edge yellow, can extend onto body scales. Lateral stripe red on white. Black blotch on base of caudal fin. Head vermilion, body orangish brown with dark scale outlines. White patch on upper abdomen. Opercular flap without distinct black spot.
H. salmofasciatus Mid-dorsal fin spot small and round, not onto body. Lateral stripe red on white. No mid-dorsal-fin spot. Lateral stripe usually reddish on white or pink background, stripe sometimes dusky or dark or fading away posteriorly. Black band at end of caudal fin. Body blue-greenish with dark scale outlines. Small blue spots and lines in band behind eye. Opercular flap usually with distinct black spot.
H. malpelo Undocumented No mid-dorsal-fin spot. Lateral stripe usually reddish on white or pink background, stripe sometimes dusky or dark or fading away posteriorly. Black band at end of caudal fin. Body blue-greenish with dark scale outlines. Small blue spots and lines in band behind eye. Opercular flap sometimes with distinct black spot.
H. melanotis Dorsal-fin spot usually absent, can be small, rarely large and yellow edged. Black lateral stripes on a bright yellow-gold body, less often on a white or brownish body; stripes can be broken or absent. No mid-dorsal-fin spot. Color pale, brownish, greenish or salmon; usually no lateral stripe on body, but striped gold form can persist in IP. Often small spots and lines in band behind eye. Often patch on abdomen with bright white myomere outlines. No black on caudal fin. Body green, blue, yellow or brown shades, no dark scale outlines or lateral stripe. Small blue spots and lines over operculum and cheek and thin white band on lower head. Opercular flap with distinct black spot.