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. 2024 Jan 28;21(1):4–33. doi: 10.26599/1671-5411.2024.01.009

Table 1. Impacts of tobacco smoking on each transition in cardiometabolic diseases.

Numbers of events HR (95%CI)
Cardiometabolic diseases include IHD, IS, HS, and T2DM. CMM was defined as the occurrence of at least two of the above-mentioned diseases. Multivariable models were stratified by age in the 5-year interval, study area, and adjusted for sex, education, marital status, parental family history of CMM. CMM: cardiometabolic multimorbidity; FCMD: first cardiometabolic disease; HS: haemorrhagic stroke; IHD: ischemic heart disease; IS: ischemic stroke; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Baseline→ FCMD
 Baseline→ IHD 34,304 1.23 ( 1.19 – 1.27 )
 Baseline→ IS 31,012 1.14 ( 1.10–1.18 )
 Baseline→ HS 6,715 0.99 (0.92–1.05)
 Baseline→ T2DM 14,215 0.98 (0.93–1.04)
FCMD→ CMM
 IHD→ CMM 5,507 1.04 (0.97–1.13)
 IS→ CMM 5,968 1.06 (0.99–1.14)
 HS→ CMM 1,088 0.82 (0.68–0.99)
 T2DM→ CMM 2,094 1.21 ( 1.07–1.38)
 Baseline→ Death 19,852 1.40 ( 1.35–1.45)
FCMD→ Death
 IHD→ Death 5,819 1.26 ( 1.18–1.36)
 IS→ Death 3,107 1.28 ( 1.17–1.41)
 HS→ Death 3,671 1.05 (0.95–1.16)
 T2DM→ Death 776 1.38 ( 1.13–1.68)
 CMM→ Death 3,810 1.19 ( 1.10–1.30)