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. 2024 Mar 2;81(1):111. doi: 10.1007/s00018-024-05164-9

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Primary drivers of ageing and ALS. Ageing and neurodegeneration in ALS are complex processes influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, and cellular factors. Whilst the precise causes of both ageing and ALS are not fully understood, genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, proteostasis dysfunction, dysregulated autophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction are thought to be primary drivers