Table 2.

Therapeutic compounds targeting the ageing hallmarks

Treatment	Properties/ Mechanism of action	Trial/ Study	Result	References
Vitamin E	Antioxidant	Randomized placebo-controlled human clinical trial (RCT)	No significant improvement in disease progression or survival	[467, 468]
Vitamin C and Carotenoids Supplementation	Antioxidant	Pooled results from 5 different cohort studies	Did not significantly reduce the risk of developing ALS	[469]
EH301, (PT and NR)	Combination of antioxidant and anti-aging agent	Pilot RCT	Slowed disease progression in an ALS patient	[470]
Rapamycin	mTOR inhibitor	Phase 1/II RCT	Treatment was safe and well-tolerated. Efficacy studies are required	[445]
NMN	CD38 inhibitor	Pre-clinical SOD1G93A mice study	Treatment delayed senescence, improved stem cell renewal, and enhanced lifespan	[448, 471]
NR	PARP inhibitor	Pre-clinical SOD1G93A mice study	Treatment delayed senescence, improved stem cell renewal, and enhanced lifespan	[471]
Resveratrol	SIRT 1 activation	Pre-clinical SOD1G93A mice study	Treatment prevented motor neuron loss, relieved muscle atrophy, and improved mitochondrial function in muscles and extended survival in SOD1G93A mice	[229, 230, 455]
Trichostatin A, scriptaid, tubastatin A	HDAC inhibitors	Pre-clinical SOD1G93A mice study	Improved lifespan, delayed disease onset and improved motor function in the SOD1G93A model	[85, 472]
Valproic acid, entinostat, sodium phenylbutyrate	HDAC inhibitors	Pre-clinical SOD1G93A mice study	Improved lifespan, delayed disease onset and improved motor function in the SOD1G93A model	[85, 472]
Sodium phenylbutyrate and valproic acid	HDAC inhibitors	Phase II RCT	Safe and tolerable	[85, 472]