Table 1.

Techniques for microvascular network formation

Technology	Size (μm)	Advantages	Limitations	Ref.
Photolithography	5–130	Convenient, cost-effective	Unchangeable	[37, 41, 44]
Laser degradation	10	Programmable, user-defined	Low-throughput, time-consuming	[49, 50]
Direct printing	100	User-defined	Cell damage	[61, 62]
Sacrificial bioprinting	150–500	User-defined, High speed	Low resolution	[67, 70]
Microfluidic systems	5–200	To reproduce vascular related physiological or pathological processes	Lack of control over vascular geometry, low repeatability	[53, 80]