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. 2024 Mar 2;14:5187. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-55929-2

Table 3.

Associations between the frequency of personal care product use and urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites.

Product Phthalate metabolite concentration (µg/L) Crude Model 1* Model 2†
Estimates (β) SE p-value Estimates (β) SE p-value Estimates (β) SE p-value
Perfumes MEHHP 2.655 0.026 < 0.001 2.208 0.223 < 0.001 2.442 0.386 < 0.001
MEOHP 2.373 0.026 < 0.001 1.987 0.216 < 0.001 1.849 0.425 < 0.001
MECPP 3.205 0.025 < 0.001 2.854 0.206 < 0.001 3.549 0.389 < 0.001
∑DEHP 3.959 0.024 < 0.001 3.959 0.024 < 0.001 2.442 0.386 < 0.001
MnBP 3.167 0.032 < 0.001 2.832 0.288 < 0.001 2.745 0.509 < 0.001
MBzP 0.785 0.028 < 0.001 0.330 0.202 0.102 0.847 0.472 0.073
MCOP 0.069 0.022 0.002 0.455 0.188 0.016 0.682 0.430 0.113
MCNP − 0.811 0.021 < 0.001 − 0.540 0.158 < 0.001 − 0.621 0.318 0.051
MCPP 0.145 0.019 < 0.001 0.445 0.445 0.003 0.329 0.311 0.290
Hair care products MEHHP 2.594 0.032 < 0.001 2.094 0.222 < 0.001 2.680 0.380 < 0.001
MEOHP 2.298 0.034 < 0.001 1.860 0.217 < 0.001 2.215 0.414 < 0.001
MECPP 3.180 0.030 < 0.001 2.764 0.203 < 0.001 3.738 0.380 < 0.001
∑DEHP 3.921 0.029 < 0.001 3.437 0.191 < 0.001 4.162 3.655 < 0.001
MnBP 3.100 0.040 < 0.001 2.720 0.288 < 0.001 2.943 0.514 < 0.001
MBzP 0.758 0.036 < 0.001 0.207 0.204 0.310 1.172 0.457 0.010
MCOP 0.076 0.028 0.006 0.428 0.186 0.022 0.688 0.402 0.087
MCNP − 0.829 0.023 < 0.001 − 0.575 0.155 < 0.001 − 0.516 0.311 0.097
MCPP 0.113 0.023 < 0.001 0.376 0.149 0.012 0.477 0.298 0.109
Body cleansers MEHHP 2.713 0.049 < 0.001 2.100 0.233 < 0.001 2.600 0.381 < 0.001
MEOHP 2.435 0.043 < 0.001 1.889 0.221 < 0.001 2.077 0.415 < 0.001
MECPP 3.203 0.042 < 0.001 2.721 0.207 < 0.001 3.694 0.380 < 0.001
∑DEHP 3.995 0.040 < 0.001 3.423 0.197 < 0.001 4.113 0.366 < 0.001
MnBP 3.273 0.056 < 0.001 2.848 0.298 < 0.001 2.921 0.486 < 0.001
MBzP 0.883 0.048 < 0.001 0.239 0.214 0.266 1.151 0.462 0.013
MCOP − 0.052 0.038 0.170 0.343 0.189 0.069 0.711 0.414 0.086
MCNP − 0.910 0.038 < 0.001 − 0.660 0.161 < 0.001 − 0.519 0.306 0.090
MCPP 0.042 0.034 0.222 0.300 0.151 0.046 0.418 0.299 0.162
Make up MEHHP 2.648 0.034 < 0.001 2.096 0.221 < 0.001 2.563 0.381 < 0.001
MEOHP 2.343 0.035 < 0.001 1.865 0.217 < 0.001 2.053 0.417 < 0.001
MECPP 3.222 0.031 < 0.001 2.751 0.202 < 0.001 3.657 0.379 < 0.001
∑DEHP 3.962 0.030 < 0.001 3.428 0.191 < 0.001 4.078 0.366 < 0.001
MnBP 3.136 0.044 < 0.001 2.733 0.287 < 0.001 2.940 0.485 < 0.001
MBzP 0.836 0.036 < 0.001 0.187 0.204 0.359 1.123 0.463 0.015
MCOP 0.092 0.029 0.001 0.424 0.185 0.022 0.708 0.422 0.093
MCNP − 0.802 0.026 < 0.001 − 0.572 0.156 < 0.001 − 0.531 0.308 0.085
MCPP 0.116 0.026 < 0.001 0.379 0.149 0.011 0.399 0.300 0.183
Nail polish MEHHP 2.603 0.027 < 0.001 2.225 0.223 < 0.001 2.644 0.383 < 0.001
MEOHP 2.352 0.028 < 0.001 1.967 0.222 < 0.001 2.123 0.423 < 0.001
MECPP 3.100 0.029 < 0.001 2.836 0.243 < 0.001 3.850 0.386 < 0.001
∑DEHP 3.883 0.027 < 0.001 3.513 0.223 < 0.001 4.230 0.372 < 0.001
MnBP 3.057 0.036 < 0.001 2.958 0.314 < 0.001 3.208 0.489 < 0.001
MBzP 0.713 0.032 < 0.001 0.313 0.224 0.163 1.285 0.475 0.007
MCOP 0.033 0.025 0.197 0.548 0.218 0.012 0.902 0.428 0.036
MCNP − 0.894 0.024 < 0.001 − 0.490 0.188 0.009 − 0.238 0.313 0.448
MCPP 0.055 0.021 0.010 0.413 0.170 0.015 0.645 0.307 0.036
Aromatic products MEHHP 2.579 0.027 < 0.001 2.082 0.223 < 0.001 2.685 0.388 < 0.001
MEOHP 2.295 0.028 < 0.001 1.851 0.219 < 0.001 2.159 0.420 < 0.001
MECPP 3.124 0.026 < 0.001 2.723 0.205 < 0.001 3.856 0.386 < 0.001
∑DEHP 3.883 0.024 < 0.001 3.409 0.193 < 0.001 4.228 0.372 < 0.001
MnBP 3.098 2.717 < 0.001 2.717 0.291 < 0.001 2.975 0.498 < 0.001
MBzP 0.710 0.031 < 0.001 0.191 0.206 0.355 1.232 0.463 0.008
MCOP 0.040 0.023 0.084 0.405 0.187 0.030 0.859 0.413 0.038
MCNP − 0.846 0.021 < < 0.001 − 0.596 0.157 < 0.001 − 0.423 0.305 0.166
MCPP 0.097 0.020 < 0.001 0.358 0.151 0.018 0.561 0.297 0.059
Air fresheners MEHHP 2.648 0.028 < 0.001 2.183 0.221 < 0.001 2.519 0.442 < 0.001
MEOHP 2.360 0.029 < 0.001 1.947 0.217 < 0.001 1.871 0.467 < 0.001
MECPP 3.209 0.027 < 0.001 2.840 0.203 < 0.001 3.667 0.427 < 0.001
∑DEHP 3.958 0.025 < 0.001 3.516 0.191 < 0.001 4.034 0.418 < 0.001
MnBP 3.162 0.036 < 0.001 2.808 0.288 < 0.001 2.899 0.531 < 0.001
MBzP 0.779 0.030 < 0.001 0.303 0.202 0.134 1.081 0.488 0.027
MCOP 0.098 0.025 < 0.001 0.486 0.187 0.010 0.729 0.410 0.075
MCNP − 0.598 0.026 < 0.001 − 0.927 0.183 < 0.001 − 0.454 0.330 0.168
MCPP 0.149 0.021 < 0.001 0.427 0.150 0.004 0.477 0.310 0.124

*Model 1 adjusted for age, sex, and BMI.

†Model 2 adjusted for Model 1 + smoking status, alcohol consumption status, history of pregnancy, household monthly income, and PCP use within the last 2 days.

SE: standard error, ∑DEHP: sum of MEHHP, MEOHP, and MECPP concentrations.

BMI body mass index, DEHP di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, MBzP monobenzyl phthalate, MCNP monocarboxy-isononly phthalate, MCOP monocarboxyoctyl phthalate, MCPP mono-(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate, MECPP mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate, MEHHP mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, MEOHP mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, MnBP mono-n-butyl phthalate, PCP personal care product.