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. 2024 Mar 2;14:5187. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-55929-2

Table 4.

Associations between the frequency of personal care product use and creatinine-adjusted urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites.

Product Phthalate metabolite concentration (µg/g creatinine) Crude Model 1* Model 2†
Estimates (β) SE p-value Estimates (β) SE p-value Estimates (β) SE p-value
Perfumes MEHHP 2.840 0.022 < 0.001 1.795 0.189 < 0.001 2.474 0.309 < 0.001
MEOHP 2.558 0.022 < 0.001 1.573 0.182 < 0.001 1.881 0.335 < 0.001
MECPP 3.391 0.021 < 0.001 2.440 0.163 < 0.001 3.581 0.300 < 0.001
∑DEHP 4.144 0.019 < 0.001 4.144 0.019 < 0.001 2.442 0.386 < 0.001
MnBP 3.352 0.029 < 0.001 2.419 0.255 < 0.001 2.777 0.447 < 0.001
MBzP 0.970 0.025 < 0.001 − 0.083 0.179 0.643 0.880 0.404 0.030
MCOP 0.254 0.022 < 0.001 0.041 0.171 0.809 0.714 0.393 0.070
MCNP − 0.626 0.025 < 0.001 − 0.954 0.185 < 0.001 − 0.589 0.353 0.095
MCPP 0.330 0.021 < 0.001 0.031 0.162 0.846 0.361 0.331 0.275
Hair care products MEHHP 2.757 0.027 < 0.001 1.722 0.187 < 0.001 2.639 0.307 < 0.001
MEOHP 2.461 0.028 < 0.001 1.489 0.181 < 0.001 2.174 0.325 < 0.001
MECPP 3.343 0.024 < 0.001 2.393 0.159 < 0.001 3.697 0.294 < 0.001
∑DEHP 4.084 0.022 < 0.001 3.065 0.146 < 0.001 4.121 0.275 < 0.001
MnBP 3.263 0.036 < 0.001 2.348 0.254 < 0.001 2.902 0.455 < 0.001
MBzP 0.921 0.031 < 0.001 − 0.164 0.180 0.362 1.131 0.397 0.004
MCOP 0.239 0.026 < 0.001 0.057 0.169 0.738 0.647 0.382 0.090
MCNP − 0.666 0.028 < 0.001 − 0.947 0.182 < 0.001 − 0.557 0.356 0.118
MCPP 0.275 0.025 < 0.001 0.005 0.160 0.977 0.436 0.326 0.181
Body cleansers MEHHP 2.891 0.045 < 0.001 1.723 0.202 < 0.001 2.509 0.307 < 0.001
MEOHP 2.614 0.039 < 0.001 1.513 0.186 < 0.001 1.986 0.327 < 0.001
MECPP 3.382 0.038 < 0.001 2.345 0.162 < 0.001 3.603 0.294 < 0.001
∑DEHP 4.173 0.035 < 0.001 3.047 0.151 < 0.001 4.022 0.276 < 0.001
MnBP 3.452 0.055 < 0.001 2.472 0.268 < 0.001 2.831 0.428 < 0.001
MBzP 1.061 0.046 < 0.001 − 0.138 0.191 0.471 1.060 0.397 0.008
MCOP 0.126 0.039 < 0.001 − 0.033 0.171 0.845 0.620 0.384 0.106
MCNP − 0.732 0.047 < 0.001 − 1.037 0.188 < 0.001 − 0.609 0.343 0.076
MCPP 0.220 0.041 < 0.001 − 0.076 0.162 0.639 0.328 0.323 0.310
Make up MEHHP 2.701 0.029 < 0.001 1.727 0.187 < 0.001 2.488 0.306 < 0.001
MEOHP 2.396 0.031 < 0.001 1.495 0.181 < 0.001 1.979 0.326 < 0.001
MECPP 3.275 0.026 < 0.001 2.381 0.160 < 0.001 3.582 0.290 < 0.001
∑DEHP 4.077 0.138 < 0.001 3.059 0.146 < 0.001 4.103 0.306 < 0.001
MnBP 3.188 0.039 < 0.001 2.363 0.252 < 0.001 2.865 0.430 < 0.001
MBzP 0.889 0.033 < 0.001 − 0.183 0.181 0.313 1.048 0.397 0.008
MCOP 0.145 0.027 < 0.001 0.055 0.168 0.744 0.633 0.388 0.103
MCNP − 0.750 0.031 < 0.001 − 0.942 0.183 < 0.001 − 0.605 0.342 0.077
MCPP 0.169 0.027 < 0.001 0.010 0.160 0.951 0.324 0.321 0.313
Nail polish MEHHP 2.794 0.021 < 0.001 1.803 0.169 < 0.001 2.417 0.316 < 0.001
MEOHP 2.543 0.022 < 0.001 1.545 0.167 < 0.001 1.896 0.340 < 0.001
MECPP 3.290 0.023 < 0.001 2.414 0.187 < 0.001 3.623 0.301 < 0.001
∑DEHP 4.205 0.107 < 0.001 3.091 0.163 < 0.001 4.207 0.313 < 0.001
MnBP 3.247 0.032 < 0.001 2.536 0.269 < 0.001 2.981 0.439 < 0.001
MBzP 0.903 0.028 < 0.001 − 0.109 0.191 0.569 1.058 0.412 0.010
MCOP 0.223 0.023 < 0.001 0.126 0.195 0.519 0.675 0.409 0.100
MCNP − 0.704 0.027 < 0.001 − 0.912 0.207 < 0.001 − 0.465 0.365 0.203
MCPP 0.245 0.024 < 0.001 − 0.009 0.185 0.960 0.418 0.348 0.229
Aromatic products MEHHP 2.797 0.023 < 0.001 1.720 0.189 < 0.001 2.554 0.317 < 0.001
MEOHP 2.513 0.024 < 0.001 1.489 0.183 < 0.001 2.029 0.334 < 0.001
MECPP 3.342 0.021 < 0.001 2.361 0.161 < 0.001 3.725 0.298 < 0.001
∑DEHP 4.260 0.119 < < 0.001 3.047 0.147 < 0.001 4.098 0.280 < 0.001
MnBP 3.316 0.032 < 0.001 2.355 0.257 < 0.001 2.844 0.443 < 0.001
MBzP 0.928 0.028 < 0.001 − 0.171 0.182 0.346 1.101 0.399 0.006
MCOP 0.258 0.022 < 0.001 0.043 0.169 0.797 0.728 0.386 0.059
MCNP − 0.846 0.021 < 0.001 − 0.596 0.157 < 0.001 − 0.553 0.348 0.112
MCPP 0.314 0.022 < 0.001 − 0.004 0.161 0.979 0.430 0.327 0.189
Air fresheners MEHHP 2.837 0.024 < 0.001 1.772 0.189 < 0.001 2.546 0.359 < 0.001
MEOHP 2.549 0.025 < 0.001 1.536 0.183 < 0.001 1.898 0.375 < 0.001
MECPP 3.398 0.022 < 0.001 2.429 0.160 < 0.001 3.694 0.334 < 0.001
∑DEHP 4.279 0.156 < 0.001 3.105 0.146 < 0.001 4.061 0.321 < 0.001
MnBP 3.350 0.032 < 0.001 2.397 0.255 < 0.001 2.926 0.472 < 0.001
MBzP 0.968 0.027 < 0.001 − 0.108 0.180 0.549 1.108 0.414 0.008
MCOP 0.287 0.024 < 0.001 0.076 0.171 0.661 0.756 0.380 0.047
MCNP 0.338 0.023 < 0.001 0.016 0.161 0.921 − 0.427 0.359 0.234
MCPP 0.338 0.023 < 0.001 0.016 0.161 0.921 0.504 0.342 0.140

*Model 1 adjusted for age, sex, and BMI.

†Model 2 adjusted for Model 1 + smoking status, alcohol consumption status, history of pregnancy, household monthly income, and PCP use within the last 2 days.

SE: standard error, ∑DEHP: sum of MEHHP, MEOHP, and MECPP concentrations.

BMI body mass index, DEHP di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, MBzP monobenzyl phthalate, MCNP monocarboxy-isononly phthalate, MCOP monocarboxyoctyl phthalate, MCPP mono-(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate, MECPP mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate, MEHHP mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, MEOHP mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, MnBP mono-n-butyl phthalate, PCP personal care product.