Table 1. Packet type & its characteristics.

Ref	Contributions	Challenges
		Energy efficiency	Fault tolerance	Low latency	MM/EM	Simulations
Aba et al. (2021)	Dedicated wireless communication device, (Assumption)Internet availability along OGI pipeline, cloud-based decisions, Update every two minutes, Signal gathered every 15 seconds (sleep mode)	✓	×	×	×	×
Spandonidis et al. (2022)	Energy-efficient WSN for OGI pipelines, Two distinct AI models are used to detect leakage. Sensor communication along long pipelines in diverse environments is a challenge	×	×	×	×	✓
Singh et al. (2021)	2.4 GHz-based Zigbee and 433 MHzbased LoRa, Zigbee is a low-power wireless communication technology based on IEEE 802.15.4 (PAN), No energy consumption comparisons, Fault tolerance mechanism is implemented	✓	✓	×	×	×
Khan et al. (2017)	Smart objects are used, radio transceiver for short-range communication, no energy-efficient mechanism, Reliable and low latency Communication mechanism is proposed but no implementation	×	✓	✓	×	×
Ayeni & Ayogu (2020)	Four-tier IoT-based architecture, No current methods have been compared to the design, No actual simulations/implementations,No fault-tolerant, low latency, or energy-efficient IoT communication mechanism	×	×	×	×	×
Chen, Zhao & Chen (2010)	-Clustering Approach	✓	×	×	×	×
Hou et al. (2017)	-Clustering Approach	✓	×	×	×	×
Sarr et al. (2017)	Protocol for linear WSN, focuses on scalibility, latency is still a challenge for dense WSN, creates congestion in the network	✓	×	×	×	×
Bomgni et al. (2023)	focuses on energy efficiency, computational cost, and security, not for linear deployments	✓	×	×	×	×
Mtopi et al. (2023)	Proposes algorithm for smart load balancing and scalability	✓	×	×	×	×
Farooq (2020)	Not for linear deployments	✓	×	×	×	×
Ali et al. (2023)	Introduces a Fog node in an IoT healthcare infrastructure, aiming to minimize transmission power and infrastructure costs	✓	×	×	✓	×