Table 2.
Extent of work stressors, stress reaction and long-term consequences among different healthcare settings
| All settings (n = 19,340) |
1 = Acute care/rehabilitation hospitals (n = 8197) | 2 = Psychiatric hospitals (n = 4464) | 3 = Nursing homes (n = 3860) | 4 = Home care organizations (n = 2837) | Kruskal–Wallis test | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p-value | *Significant differences between settings (pairwise comparison) | |
| Stressors at work | |||||||||||||
| Quantitative demands | 18,098 | 54.5 | 17.3 | 59.3 | 15.5 | 51.7 | 17.1 | 52.0 | 17.8 | 48.4 | 17.8 | 0.000 | 1vs2; 1vs3; 1vs4; 2vs3; 2vs4 |
| Sensorial demands | 18,089 | 83.1 | 14.6 | 86.2 | 13.5 | 75.6 | 15.5 | 84.0 | 13.8 | 84.6 | 13.3 | 0.000 | 1vs2; 1vs3; 1vs4; 2vs3; 2vs4 |
| Emotional demands | 18,038 | 60.5 | 15.5 | 59.3 | 15.8 | 59.7 | 13.7 | 68.3 | 15.6 | 54.3 | 12.9 | 0.000 | 1vs3; 1vs4; 2vs3; 2vs4; 3vs4 |
| Physical demands | 17,975 | 36.5 | 22.6 | 40.9 | 21.9 | 18.6 | 14.1 | 46.8 | 23.5 | 37.3 | 18.4 | 0.000 | 1vs2; 1vs3; 1vs4; 2vs3; 2vs4; 3vs4 |
| Demands to hide emotions | 17,239 | 39.6 | 22.7 | 42.2 | 22.4 | 41.4 | 21.6 | 35.6 | 23.7 | 36.0 | 22.4 | 0.000 | 1vs3; 1vs4; 2vs3; 2vs4 |
| Work environment | 17,947 | 33.3 | 19.4 | 38.4 | 19.5 | 27.7 | 18.9 | 29.8 | 19.0 | 32.4 | 17.0 | 0.000 | 1vs2; 1vs3; 1vs4; 2vs3; 2vs4; 3vs4 |
| Opportunities for development | 18,166 | 71.0 | 15.5 | 72.3 | 15.1 | 71.8 | 15.3 | 68.7 | 16.8 | 69.7 | 15.0 | 0.000 | 1vs3; 1vs4; 2vs3; 2vs4 |
| Influence at work | 17,876 | 51.5 | 20.2 | 48.0 | 20.1 | 58.1 | 17.9 | 51.2 | 21.0 | 51.5 | 20.3 | 0.000 | 1vs2; 1vs3; 1vs4; 2vs3; 2vs4 |
| Scope for breaks / holidays | 17,831 | 61.1 | 20.8 | 57.9 | 20.0 | 66.0 | 19.7 | 56.6 | 22.3 | 69.0 | 18.8 | 0.000 | 1vs2; 1vs4; 2vs3; 2vs4; 3vs4 |
| Meaning of work | 18,064 | 83.5 | 16.1 | 82.5 | 16.1 | 79.3 | 17.4 | 87.4 | 14.8 | 87.2 | 14.0 | 0.000 | 1vs2; 1vs3; 1vs4; 2vs3; 2vs4 |
| Bond with the organization | 17,250 | 62.7 | 20.6 | 60.6 | 20.0 | 60.2 | 20.2 | 64.1 | 21.8 | 69.8 | 19.2 | 0.000 | 1vs3; 1vs4; 2vs3; 2vs4; 3vs4 |
| Predictability | 17,692 | 63.8 | 19.8 | 62.3 | 19.5 | 61.5 | 19.3 | 65.3 | 21.1 | 69.1 | 18.3 | 0.000 | 1vs3; 1vs4; 2vs3; 2vs4; 3vs4 |
| Rewards | 17,483 | 58.6 | 26.0 | 54.3 | 26.3 | 56.7 | 26.2 | 62.1 | 25.1 | 68.4 | 22.9 | 0.000 | 1vs2; 1vs3; 1vs4; 2vs3; 2vs4; 3vs4 |
| Role clarity | 17,805 | 78.1 | 14.8 | 79.2 | 14.4 | 73.4 | 15.2 | 80.3 | 14.8 | 79.1 | 14.1 | 0.000 | 1vs2; 1vs3; 2vs3; 2vs4; 3vs4 |
| Role conflicts | 17,767 | 36.0 | 20.5 | 39.3 | 20.2 | 37.6 | 20.0 | 33.5 | 21.6 | 28.4 | 18.3 | 0.000 | 1vs2; 1vs3; 1vs4; 2vs3; 2vs4; 3vs4 |
| Quality of leadership | 17,543 | 64.5 | 22.3 | 62.7 | 22.6 | 64.0 | 22.9 | 65.5 | 22.1 | 68.7 | 19.8 | 0.000 | 1vs2; 1vs3; 1vs4; 2vs4; 3vs4 |
| Social support at work | 17,460 | 77.1 | 17.1 | 75.6 | 16.9 | 78.3 | 17.0 | 76.6 | 17.8 | 80.5 | 16.5 | 0.000 | 1vs2; 1vs3; 1vs4; 2vs3; 2vs4; 3vs4 |
| Feedback | 17,334 | 50.5 | 20.8 | 49.3 | 20.9 | 51.1 | 19.9 | 53.2 | 21.3 | 49.3 | 20.7 | 0.000 | 1vs2; 1vs3; 2vs3; 2vs4; 3vs4 |
| Social relations at work | 17,375 | 58.0 | 27.2 | 63.6 | 23.6 | 60.7 | 25.8 | 59.8 | 25.2 | 36.0 | 30.1 | 0.000 | 1vs2; 1vs3; 1vs4; 2vs4; 3vs4 |
| Social community at work | 17,364 | 79.9 | 14.7 | 79.4 | 14.3 | 80.1 | 14.8 | 78.5 | 15.7 | 82.7 | 13.7 | 0.000 | 1vs4; 2vs3; 2vs4; 3vs4 |
| Unfair behavior | 17,138 | 13.7 | 21.4 | 14.6 | 21.6 | 12.3 | 20.4 | 16.9 | 23.6 | 9.2 | 17.6 | 0.000 | 1vs2; 1vs3; 1vs4; 2vs3; 2vs4; 3vs4 |
| Insecurity of the working environment | 17,793 | 28.4 | 25.1 | 31.6 | 25.7 | 25.0 | 22.9 | 29.6 | 26.7 | 23.1 | 22.5 | 0.000 | 1vs2; 1vs3; 1vs4; 2vs3; 2vs4; 3vs4 |
| Work–private life conflict | 17,441 | 28.1 | 20.9 | 30.8 | 21.4 | 27.6 | 20.0 | 27.2 | 21.6 | 22.6 | 18.4 | 0.000 | 1vs2; 1vs3; 1vs4; 2vs4; 3vs4 |
| Demarcation | 17,329 | 32.2 | 22.1 | 34.7 | 22.0 | 29.0 | 21.3 | 32.7 | 21.9 | 29.3 | 22.4 | 0.000 | 1vs2; 1vs3; 1vs4; 2vs4; 3vs4 |
| Stress reactions | |||||||||||||
| Behavioral stress symptoms | 17,186 | 29.9 | 21.8 | 31.2 | 22.5 | 30.2 | 20.8 | 29.4 | 22.3 | 26.8 | 20.5 | 0.000 | 1vs3; 1vs4; 2vs4; 3vs4 |
| Cognitive stress symptoms | 17,239 | 26.7 | 19.5 | 28.0 | 19.8 | 25.5 | 19.0 | 26.2 | 20.2 | 25.5 | 18.1 | 0.000 | 1vs2; 1vs3; 1vs4 |
| Long-term consequences | |||||||||||||
| Job satisfaction | 17,330 | 70.4 | 14.7 | 69.2 | 14.8 | 71.1 | 14.9 | 69.9 | 14.7 | 73.0 | 13.5 | 0.000 | 1vs2; 1vs4; 2vs3; 2vs4; 3vs4 |
| Intention to leave the organization | 17,272 | 20.2 | 22.7 | 22.0 | 23.2 | 22.5 | 22.9 | 17.9 | 22.8 | 15.4 | 20.2 | 0.000 | 1vs3; 1vs4; 2vs3; 2vs4; 3vs4 |
| Intention to leave the profession | 17,269 | 16.1 | 21.3 | 17.5 | 21.9 | 15.9 | 20.6 | 15.4 | 21.7 | 13.8 | 19.5 | 0.000 | 1vs2; 1vs3; 1vs4; 2vs4; |
| General health status | 15,674 | 79.0 | 17.0 | 80.0 | 17.1 | 78.3 | 16.7 | 77.7 | 17.5 | 79.5 | 15.8 | 0.000 | 1vs2; 1vs3; 1vs4; 3vs4 |
| Burnout symptoms | 17,116 | 42.2 | 20.9 | 43.6 | 20.9 | 40.6 | 19.5 | 42.8 | 22.7 | 40.1 | 20.0 | 0.000 | 1vs2; 1vs4; 2vs3; 3vs4 |
| Quality of sleep | 17,110 | 68.8 | 19.2 | 66.8 | 19.1 | 69.8 | 19.1 | 69.0 | 19.6 | 72.2 | 18.2 | 0.000 | 1vs2; 1vs3; 1vs4; 2vs4; 3vs4 |
All scales are scored from 0 (minimum value) to 100 (maximum value), N = number of cases in total, M = mean, SD = standard deviation, *pairwise comparison using the significance level of 0.05 (2-sided), adjusted by the Bonferroni correction for multiple tests, highest / lowest scores are highlighted