TABLE 3.
Results of primary outcome of included experiments
| Author(s) | Standard food product | Healthier comparison food product | Mean incremental WTP value reported in original article | Mean incremental WTP in USD/100 g (2021 USD values) | Mean percentage change in price consumers willing to pay |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Broad food categories (n = 3) | |||||
| Buttorff et al. 41 | Regular main meal | Regular meal plus additional large salad | 1.12 Nuevo Soles per meal | $0.72 a | 74.7% |
| Regular meal plus additional fruit (2 bananas) | 0.11 Nuevo Soles per meal | $0.07 a | 7.3% | ||
| Leak et al. 47 | Regular whole grain snack | A whole grain snack with either fruit or vegetables and condiments | US$ 2.38 per snack | $2.56 b | 23% |
| Healthier nutrient content of specific food products (reduced fat claims) (n = 16) | |||||
| Akaichi et al. 39 |
Regular beef mince (2 experiments in UK and Spain) |
Low fat beef mince (3 g/100 g serving) (UK) | € 3.41 per 100 g | $5.23 | 41% |
| Moderate fat beef mince (12 g/100 g serving) (UK) | € 2.23 per 100 g | $3.41 | 27% | ||
| Low fat beef mince (3 g/100 g serving) (Spain) | € 1.94 per 100 g | $3.06 | 26% | ||
| Moderate fat beef mince (12 g/100 g serving) (Spain) | € 1.57 per 100 g | $2.48 | 21% | ||
| Bellhouse et al. 40 | Regular pork | Lower cholesterol pork (15% less than regular cholesterol pork) | A$ 1.5/330 g | $0.42 | 21.6% |
| Childs and Drake 42 | Regular full fat Cheddar and Mozzarella cheeses | Lower fat Cheddar and Mozzarella cheeses (75% fat reduction or 3 g of fat or less per reference amount) | Range from US$ 0.25 to 0.5/25 g | Range from 1.24 to 2.48 | NA |
| De‐Magistris and Gracia 43 | Regular full fat cheese | Light cheese (40% reduced fat content) | € 0.060/100 g | $0.1 | 7% |
| De‐Magistris, and Lopez‐Galan 28 | Regular full fat cheese | Cheese with reduced fat content (30% less fat) | € 0.538/100 g | 0.89 | 47.8% |
| De‐Magistris et al. 44 | Regular potato chips | Potato chips with reduced fat claims (30% less fat compared to regular chips) |
People with healthy weight: €0.45/150 g People with obesity: €0.53/150 g |
People with normal weight: $0.49 People with obesity: $ 0.59 |
People with normal weight: 38.5% People with obesity: 45% |
| Jurado and Gracia 46 | Regular breakfast cereal | Reduced saturated fat cereal (amount of fat reduction is not specified) | € 1.83 per box (500 g) | $0.6 | 91.5% |
| Lusk and Parker 50 | Regular ground beef | Ground beef with total fat reduced from 20% to 10% when saturated fat is 30% and 50%, respectively |
30% saturated fat: US$ 2.06/pound 50% saturated fat: US$ 0.58/pound |
30% reduced fat claims: $ 0.57 50% reduced fat claims: $ 0.16 |
30% reduced fat claims: 25% 50% reduced fat claims: 12% |
| Nganje et al. 51 | Regular bread | Reduced fat bread. (36% fat reduction compared to conventional bread) | 0.023 cents per g ($0.14 per loaf) | $3.0 | 5.6% |
| Van Wezemael et al. 29 |
Regular beef steak (4 experiments in Netherlands, Belgium, France, and UK) |
A beef steak with 10% less fat in four European countries (Netherlands) | €5.78/kg | $0.97 | 48% |
| A beef steak with 10% less fat in four European countries (Belgium) | €5.60/kg | $0.96 | 47% | ||
| A beef steak with 10% less fat in four European countries (France) | €6.73/kg | $1.10 | 56% | ||
| A beef steak with 10% less fat in four European countries (UK) | € 1.20/kg | $ 0.2 | 10% | ||
| Healthier nutrient content of specific food products (low salt claims) (n = 4) | |||||
| De‐Magistris, and Lopez‐Galan 28 | Regular cheese | Cheese with low salt content (0.03 g of salt per 150 g) | −€0.38/100 g | −$0.63 | −33% |
| De‐Magistris et al. 44 | Regular potato chips | Potato chips with low salt content (0.03 g of salt per 150 g) |
People with healthy weight: −€0.15/150 g People with obesity: €0.40/15 g |
People with healthy weight: −$0.16 People with obesity: $0.47 |
People with healthy weight: −12.5% People with obesity: 34% |
| Di Vita et al. 45 | Regular bread | Breads with low sodium content (no more than 120 mg of sodium/100 g) |
€ 0.47/100 g |
$0.76 | 20% |
| Lee et al. 49 | Regular canned ham | Reduced salt canned ham (amount of salt reduction is not specified) | 274 KRW to 313 KRW per reduced salt can (340 g) | Range from $0.12 to $0.14 | 7.8 to 8.9% |
| Healthier nutrient content of specific food products (multiple claims) (n = 3) | |||||
| De‐Magistris, and Lopez‐Galan 28 | Regular cheese | Cheese with reduced fat contents (30% less fat compared to traditional cheese) and low salt contents (30 mg of salt per 150 g) | €0.15/100 g | $0.24 | 16% |
| De‐Magistris et al. 44 | Regular potato chips | Potato chips with reduced fat claims (30% less fat compared to traditional chips) and low salt contents (30 mg of salt per 150 g) |
People with healthy weight: €0.48/150 g People with obesity: €0.10/15 g |
People with healthy weight: $0.53 People with obesity: $0.11 |
People with healthy weight: 40.5% People with obesity: 8.5% |
| Lee et al. 48 | Regular breakfast cereal | Healthy breakfast cereal (high fiber, low fat, low sugar, low calorie) (amount not specified) | Participants favorably rated costs of US$1.49 and $2.49 per 14 oz (396.89 g)/ (cost of regular cereal range between US$2.09 and US$3.19) | −$0.50 to −$0.84 | −28% to ‐ 41% |
Abbreviation: KRW, Korean Won.
a
Per meal.
b
Per snack.