TABLE 1.
Sociodemographic, health and sleep characteristics of participants
| Chronotype | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Morning, N = 326 a | Evening, N = 138 a | Intermediate, N = 347 a | p‐Value b |
| Sex | 0.014 | |||
| Male | 142 (44%) | 41 (30%) | 148 (43%) | |
| Female | 184 (56%) | 97 (70%) | 199 (57%) | |
| Age, years | 57.0 (5.4) | 55.1 (5.7) | 56.9 (5.5) | 0.002 |
| Ethnicity | 0.4 | |||
| Caucasian | 305 (94%) | 126 (91%) | 312 (90%) | |
| Aboriginal | 2 (0.6%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.6%) | |
| Polynesian | 2 (0.6%) | 1 (0.7%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Vietnamese | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.7%) | 2 (0.6%) | |
| Chinese | 10 (3.1%) | 3 (2.2%) | 12 (3.5%) | |
| Indian | 6 (1.8%) | 6 (4.3%) | 17 (4.9%) | |
| Other | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.7%) | 2 (0.6%) | |
| Unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Education | 0.8 | |||
| Education: High school or less | 77 (24%) | 28 (20%) | 77 (22%) | |
| Education: Training after school | 120 (37%) | 59 (43%) | 130 (38%) | |
| Education: University | 126 (39%) | 50 (36%) | 139 (40%) | |
| Unknown | 3 | 1 | 1 | |
| Income | 0.10 | |||
| Low | 83 (26%) | 48 (35%) | 79 (23%) | |
| Middle | 88 (28%) | 40 (29%) | 103 (30%) | |
| High | 144 (46%) | 50 (36%) | 159 (47%) | |
| Unknown | 11 | 0 | 6 | |
| Shift work (Yes) | 34 (10%) | 28 (20%) | 36 (10%) | 0.005 |
| Smoking (Yes) | 29 (8.9%) | 29 (21%) | 24 (6.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol | 0.7 | |||
| Low | 101 (31%) | 48 (35%) | 118 (34%) | |
| Moderate | 167 (51%) | 64 (46%) | 177 (51%) | |
| High | 58 (18%) | 26 (19%) | 52 (15%) | |
| BMI, kg m−2 b | 28.2 (5.3) | 29.3 (6.8) | 28.1 (5.3) | 0.075 |
| Physical activity | 0.040 | |||
| Low | 71 (22%) | 43 (31%) | 108 (31%) | |
| Moderate | 113 (35%) | 49 (36%) | 110 (32%) | |
| High | 142 (44%) | 46 (33%) | 129 (37%) | |
| Hypertension (Yes) | 86 (26%) | 40 (29%) | 94 (27%) | 0.8 |
| Depression symptoms (Yes) | 37 (11%) | 34 (25%) | 51 (15%) | 0.001 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index.
a
Note: n (%); mean (SD).
b
Pearson's χ²‐test; one‐way ANOVA.