TABLE 4.

Independent associations between chronotype and the presence of hypertension and measured BP

		Hypertension		Systolic BP	Diastolic BP
Characteristic	N	OR (95% CI)	p‐Value	Adjusted means (SE) b	Adjusted means (SE) b
Chronotype
Morning	326	Reference		124.0 (0.8)	72.4 (0.5)
Intermediate a	347	0.9 (0.6, 1.4)	0.6	122.6 (0.8)	71.6 (0.5)
Evening a	138	0.9 (0.5, 1.6)	0.8	122.3 (1.2)	71.2 (0.7)

Note: Variables assessed as potential covariates for models were age, sex, BMI, alcohol, smoking, physical activity, self‐reported sleep duration, depression, insomnia, AHI and anti‐hypertensive medication. Covariates were excluded if not significant (p > 0.05) or multicollinearity existed.

Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; SE, standard error.

^a Comparison of evening and intermediate groups with evening as the reference was not significantly different (p > 0.05).

^b Adjusted systolic and diastolic BP means were not significantly different between three chronotype groups (p > 0.05).