TABLE 5.

Transcriptional CDKs in S. cerevisiae.

Cyclin‐dependent kinase	Binding partner	Roles in cell cycle	Roles in transcription	Selected additional roles
Kin28	Ccl1	Essential for proliferation (Simon et al., 1986) Binds to SBF promoters and can rescue cell cycle defects caused by Cln3 depletion (Kõivomägi et al., 2021) Creates autoregulatory loop with Srb10 to govern meiosis (Ohkuni & Yamashita, 2000)	Part of TFIIH complex, important for early steps of pol II transcription (Cismowski et al., 1995; Feaver et al., 1994; Svejstrup et al., 1996) Upregulates transcription (Hengartner et al., 1998; Valay et al., 1995) CTD kinase (S5, S7) (Akhtar et al., 2009; Hengartner et al., 1998; Komarnitsky et al., 2000) Important for recruitment of mRNA processing machinery (e.g., for 5′ capping) (Komarnitsky et al., 2000; Rodriguez et al., 2000; Schroeder et al., 2000) Primes CTD for Bur1 recruitment (Qiu et al., 2009, 2012) Stimulates mediator disassociation from preinitiation complex leading to promoter escape (Y. Liu, Wu, & Galaktionov, 2004; Wong et al., 2014)	Participates in nucleotide excision repair (Bhatia et al., 1996)
Srb10	Srb11	Represses meiotic genes in response to glucose by decreasing their mRNA stability (Surosky et al., 1994) Creates autoregulatory loop with Kin28 to govern meiosis (Ohkuni & Yamashita, 2000) Coordinates entry into stationary phase (Chang et al., 2001)	Part of mediator complex (Carlson, 1997) Downregulates transcription, e.g., through interaction with Gcn4 (Carlson, 1997; Chi et al., 2001; Hengartner et al., 1998; Holstege et al., 1998; Kuchin & Carlson, 1998; Rosonina et al., 2012) Upregulates transcription (Andrau et al., 2006; Galbraith et al., 2010; Y. Liu, Wu, & Galaktionov, 2004; X. Zhu et al., 2006) CTD kinase (S5) (Hengartner et al., 1998; Liao et al., 1995) Phosphorylates and decreases stability of Ste12 in normal nitrogen conditions (Nelson et al., 2003) Represses a‐specific genes in α cells (Wahi & Johnson, 1995) Activates Sip4 in nonfermentable carbon sources (Vincent et al., 2001)	Participates in glucose repression (Kuchin et al., 1995) Coordinates nutrient starvation response (Holstege et al., 1998)
Bur1	Bur2	Required for activation of Sch9 leading to progression through G1 (Jin et al., 2022)	Required for efficient elongation (Keogh et al., 2003; Murray et al., 2001; Wood et al., 2005; Wood & Shilatifard, 2006; Yao et al., 2000) CTD kinase (S2, S5, S7) (Y. Liu et al., 2009; Murray et al., 2001; Qiu et al., 2009; Tietjen et al., 2010) Phosphorylates Spt5 to recruit PAF1 (Y. Liu et al., 2009; Qiu et al., 2012) Represses SUC2 basal promoter (Prelich & Winston, 1993) Regulates epigenetic histone modifications, e.g., through PAF recruitment (Chu et al., 2006, 2007; Laribee et al., 2005; Y. Liu et al., 2009; Wood et al., 2005) Modulates co‐transcriptional splicing (Maudlin & Beggs, 2021)	Governs DNA damage and replication stress pathways (Clausing et al., 2010) Implicated in lengthening of telomeres (Connelly et al., 2022) Essential for cell growth (Irie et al., 1991; Winzeler et al., 1999) Suppresses mating pheromone hyperadaptivity (Irie et al., 1991)
Ctk1	Ctk2, Ctk3	Role unclear—deletion results in cell cycle defects (Chymkowitch et al., 2012)	Required for efficient elongation (Jona et al., 2001; J. M. Lee & Greenleaf, 1997; Murray et al., 2001) Regulates co‐transcriptional processes such as mRNA 3′‐end processing, polyadenylation, and nuclear export of mRNA (Ahn et al., 2004; Hurt et al., 2004; Skaar & Greenleaf, 2002) Promotes release of basal transcription factors from pol II (Ahn et al., 2009) CTD kinase (S2) (E. J. Cho, Kobor, et al., 2001; J. M. Lee & Greenleaf, 1989, 1991) Downregulates CTD phosphorylation during logarithmic phase growth, but upregulates during diauxic phase (Patturajan et al., 1999) Important for transcription termination of small non‐coding RNAs (Lenstra et al., 2013) Upregulates H3K36me3 by interaction with Set2 and Spt6 (Dronamraju & Strahl, 2014; Xiao et al., 2003; Youdell et al., 2008) Implicated in glucose‐dependent transcriptional regulation (van Driessche et al., 2005)	Implicated in cell growth (J. M. Lee & Greenleaf, 1991) Required for translation initiation and elongation (Coordes et al., 2015; Röther & Sträßer, 2007) Implicated in transcription by RNA pol I and synthesis of rRNA (Bouchoux et al., 2004; Grenetier et al., 2006) Implicated in DNA damage response (Ostapenko & Solomon, 2003)