Table 3.

Characteristics of total texture.

Characteristic	Method(s) to quantify characteristic	Possible cause(s)
Firmness total	Trained sensory panel	Cell wall polymer chemistry
	Texture analyzer	pectins/hemicelluloses/lignin
Contrast inside outside	Sensory panel/Texture analyzer	Crispiness versus Firmness internal
Chewiness	Sensory panel/Texture analyzer	Crispiness and Firmness internal
Dryness	Sensory panel	Cell separation, Saliva Uptake, Intactness cells
	Water holding capacity	Cell wall strength, Starch gelatinization