Table 5.

Knowledge sources for (possible) causes of external texture.

(Possible) cause	Models	Ref.	Complexity
Molecular level
Moisture transport	moisture diffusion/aw	van der Sman and Meinders (2013)	+
Glass transition	Couchman-Karasz/State diagram	Van der Sman and Meinders (2011)	+
Crust strength/hardness	viscoelastic model	Van der Sman et al. (2022)	+
Cellular level
Case hardening	–	–	++++
Microstructural level
Porosity/structure	cell model	Van der Sman and Broeze (2014b)	+++
Oil adsorption	pore network	Vauvre et al. (2014)	+++
Crust level
Stress development	continuum model	Tremeac et al. (2007)	++
Crust thickness	continuum heat/mass transfer	(Van Koerten et al., 2017) (Gouyo et al., 2021b)	++