Table 7.
Techniques to identify (possible) causes of external texture.
| (Possible) cause | Technique(s) | Ref. | Effort | Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Molecular level | ||||
| Moisture profile | MRI | (Esveld et al., 2012) (Isik et al., 2018) (Yang et al., 2019) | ++ | +++ |
| T2-NMR imaging | Li et al. (2020c) | +++ | +++ | |
| XRT (density) | Watanabe et al. (2008) | ++ | +++ | |
| Drying oven method | + | + | ||
| Glass transition | DSC | (Kasahara et al., 2002) (Rahimi et al., 2017) | + | +? |
| DMTA | Rouillé et al. (2010) | + | ++ | |
| Cellular level | ||||
| Case hardening | Microscopy | Reeve and Neel (1960) | + | + |
| MRI | Ruan et al. (1991) | ++ | ++ | |
| Microstructural level | ||||
| Porosity/structure | XRT (X-ray tomography) | (Van Koerten et al., 2015) (van der Sman et al., 2021) (Van der Sman et al., 2018) (Van Dalen et al., 2007) | ++ | +++ |
| Direct immersion method | Kalogianni and Papastergiadis (2014) | + | ++? | |
| UV-VIS CSLM | Achir et al. (2010) | ++ | ++ | |
| light microscopy | Reeve and Neel (1960) | + | + | |
| Corner compactness | SEM | Sadeghi et al. (2021) | ++ | + |
| Oil adsorption | T2-NMR/MRI | (Yang et al., 2020) (Isik et al., 2018) | ++ | ++ |
| Crust level | ||||
| Crust thickness | MRI | ++ | ++ | |
| Image analysis | + | ++ | ||
| Crust strength/hardness | Texture analyzer | + | + | |