Table 8.
Techniques to identify (possible) causes of internal texture.
| (Possible) cause | Technique(s) | Ref. | Effort | Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Molecular level | ||||
| Pectin chemistry | Immunofluorescence | Parker et al. (2001) | +++ | ++? |
| Chemical analysis | (Kita, 2002) (Jaswal, 1969) (Murayama et al., 2017) (Binner et al., 2000) | + | ++ | |
| PME activity | Assay | Canet et al. (2005) | + | ++ |
| Syneresis | LF-NMR | Chen et al. (2020) | ++ | ++ |
| Starch gelatinization | DSC, XRD | Karlsson and Eliasson (2003) | + | ++ |
| Reducing sugars | NIR | Escuredo et al. (2021) | + | + |
| Starch retrogradation | DSC, XRD | (Yang et al., 2019) (Shu et al., 2022) | + | ++ |
| Amylose/Amylopectin ratio | SEC, spectroscopy | (Hovenkamp-Hermelink et al., 1988) (Visser et al., 1997) | + | + |
| Cellular level | ||||
| Cell separation | Shear rheology | + | +? | |
| Compression test | (Andersson et al., 1994) (Álvarez et al., 1998) | + | + | |
| Kramer shear cell | (Walter et al., 2002) (Woodman and Warren, 1972) | + | + | |
| Cell adhesion | Microfluidic shearing | Atakhani et al. (2022) | ++ | ++? |
| Microscopy + osmosis | Atakhani et al. (2022) | ++ | ++ | |
| Micromanipulators | Atakhani et al. (2022) | +++ | ++? | |
| 90° peel test | Atakhani et al. (2022) | + | +? | |
| Cell cohesion test | Segonne et al. (2014) | + | ++? | |
| Cell wall strength | AFM | (Zdunek and Kurenda, 2013) (Kirby et al., 1996) | +++ | + |
| Amylase digestion | Ding et al. (2019) | + | +? | |
| Starch swelling | Osmotic dehydration | Jarvis et al. (1992) | + | ++ |
| Cell size | Laser diffraction | Innings et al. (2020) | + | ++ |
| Cell stress | FTIR imaging | Jarvis and McCann (2000) | +++ | ++? |
| Cell strength | Microindentation | Zafeiri et al. (2021) | ++ | ++ |
| Microstructural level | ||||
| Core structure | CSLM | Yang et al. (2019) | ++ | ++ |
| SEM | Yao et al. (2021) | ++ | + | |
| Dielectric spectroscopy | (Lewicki and Pawlak, 2005) (Andersson et al., 1994) (Fuentes et al., 2014) | ++ | ++? | |
| Ice formation | XRT | (Vicent et al., 2019) (Mousavi et al., 2007) (Adrian et al., 2012) | ++ | ++ |
| NIR/microslicing | (Do et al., 2015) (Mishra et al., 2022) | +++ | ++? | |
| Tissue Damage | Electrical impedance | Ando et al. (2016) | + | ++? |
| Core level | ||||
| Freezing damage | Uniaxial compression | Valetudie et al. (1999) | + | + |
| Dry Matter | NIR | (Cees Van Dijk et al., 2002) (Escuredo et al., 2021) | ++ | + |
| Water holding capacity | Centrifugation test | Paudel and Boom (2016) | + | + |