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Surface characteristics of the investigated elastomeric ligature modifications.
| Surface modification | R a (µm) | Surface free energy (mN/m) |
|---|---|---|
| Silver coating | 0.31 ± 0.01ab | 69.69 ± 1.41cd |
| Bismuth coating | 2.15 ± 0.11a | 73.92 ± 1.48ce |
| Uncoated control | 2.05 ± 0.15b | 62.93 ± 3.78de |
Note: Data are expressed as means and standard deviations. Equal letters indicate significant differences (see text for level of significance).
