Table 2.
Dietary intake of the study participants across tertiles of intake of red and processed meat (n = 635).
| Variable1 | Tertile 1 (n = 208) | Tertile 2 (n = 221) | Tertile 3 (n = 206) | P-value2 | Comparison group3 | Post hoc (P) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (kcal/d) | 1829.34 ± 806.35 | 1681.61 ± 470.26 | 1798.35 ± 552.61 | 0.022 | 1 VS 2 | 0.001 |
| 1 VS 3 | < 0.001 | |||||
| 2 VS 3 | 0.076 | |||||
| Nutrients | ||||||
| Carbohydrate (g/d) | 245.98 ± 108.95 | 218.73 ± 61.32 | 235.22 ± 77.33 | 0.055 | ||
| Total fat (g/d) | 67.52 ± 27.04 | 64.71 ± 18.96 | 70.18 ± 18.82 | 0.067 | ||
| Total protein (g/d) | 53.42 ± 26.85 | 51.53 ± 17.72 | 60.30 ± 22.83 | < 0.001 | ||
| 1 VS 2 | < 0.001 | |||||
| 1 VS 3 | < 0.001 | |||||
| 2 VS 3 | < 0.001 | |||||
| Saturated fat (g/d) | 19.14 ± 7.05 | 18.98 ± 5.90 | 20.33 ± 6.17 | 0.014 | ||
| PUFA (g/d) | 21.15 ± 9.86 | 20.05 ± 7.38 | 21.01 ± 6.62 | 0.967 | ||
| MUFA (g/d) | 15.09 ± 6.07 | 15.38 ± 4.41 | 17.18 ± 4.70 | < 0.001 | ||
| 1 VS 2 | < 0.001 | |||||
| 1 VS 3 | < 0.001 | |||||
| 2 VS 3 | < 0.001 | |||||
| Dietary fiber (g/d) | 16.07 ± 7.56 | 13.94 ± 4.57 | 15.53 ± 6.61 | 0.033 | ||
| 1 VS 2 | 0.704 | |||||
| 1 VS 3 | 0.002 | |||||
| 2 VS 3 | 0.024 | |||||
| Vitamin C (mg/d) | 280.56 ± 231.35 | 231.41 ± 98.27 | 255.09 ± 137.94 | 0.084 | ||
| Magnesium (mg/d) | 266.28 ± 126.66 | 237.77 ± 71.73 | 260.82 ± 90.48 | 0.128 | ||
| Calcium (mg/d) | 841.65 ± 489.64 | 782.35 ± 328.61 | 804.88 ± 372.84 | 0.499 | ||
| Food groups | ||||||
| Whole grains (g/d) | 24.20 ± 28.24 | 23.71 ± 23.08 | 20.00 ± 20.80 | 0.115 | ||
| Dairy (g/d) | 371.04 ± 292.83 | 347.44 ± 213.88 | 350.00 ± 220.91 | 0.512 | ||
| Fruits (g/d) | 401.43 ± 268.55 | 335.44 ± 192.81 | 402.09 ± 254.52 | 0.096 | ||
| Vegetables (g/d) | 270.88 ± 152.30 | 248.14 ± 101.77 | 255.82 ± 127.99 | 0.658 | ||
| Beans and nuts (g/d) | 16.15 ± 13.28 | 17.81 ± 9.39 | 19.21 ± 11.20 | 0.004 | ||
| 1 VS 2 | < 0.001 | |||||
| 1 VS 3 | < 0.001 | |||||
| 2 VS 3 | 0.333 | |||||
| Sweets (g/d) | 259.36 ± 204.35 | 229.89 ± 143.85 | 244.71 ± 172.98 | 0.853 | ||
| Poultry (g/d) | 8.63 ± 10.11 | 9.35 ± 5.80 | 11.29 ± 11.53 | 0.006 | ||
| 1 VS 2 | 0.017 | |||||
| 1 VS 3 | < 0.001 | |||||
| 2 VS 3 | 0.191 | |||||
| Egg (g/d) | 18.12 ± 17.30 | 22.38 ± 16.49 | 27.25 ± 30.10 | < 0.001 | ||
| 1 VS 2 | 0.004 | |||||
| 1 VS 3 | < 0.001 | |||||
| 2 VS 3 | 0.097 | |||||
BMI body mass index, MUFAs monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFAs polyunsaturated fatty acids, CVD cardiovascular diseases.
1Values are mean ± standard deviation.
2ANCOVA was used to compare means after adjustment for age job status, pre-pregnancy BMI, history of CVD, hypertension, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, pregnancy hypertension, order of pregnancy, nausea during current pregnancy, multivitamin use during current pregnancy, physical activities, weight gain during current pregnancy and total energy intake.
3Tertiles versus each one.