. 2024 Feb 24;104:106826. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.106826

Table 3.

Incidence of sampling time (Tm, 7, 14, 21, 28 days) and treatments (Tr) on phenolic profile of Primitivo wines.

	C				I				U + I				Tm	Tr	*TmTr**
Anthocyanins (mg/L)	7	14	21	28	7	14	21	28	7	14	21	28
De-3-glc²	^†14.9 ± 1.7^ab	16.8 ± 0.7^a	13.1 ± 2.5^bcd	13.2 ± 0.5^bcd	14.2 ± 0.9^abc	12.2 ± 0.1^bcde	10.3 ± 0.2^defg	8.0 ± 1.5^g	13.2 ± 0.04^bcd	11.7 ± 0.6^cdef	9.8 ± 0.08^efg	8.6 ± 0.3 ^fg	***	***	*
Pet-3-glc²	35.8 ± 5.2^ab	38.4 ± 1.1^a	31.2 ± 5.8^abcd	30.2 ± 1.7^bcde	34.1 ± 0.2^abc	27.6 ± 0.5^cdef	24.3 ± 0.1^defg	19.2 ± 3.2^g	31.2 ± 0.2^abcd	28.6 ± 0.4^bcde	23.2 ± 0.6^efg	20.2 ± 0.1 ^fg	***	***	ns
Peo-3-glc²	20.5 ± 3.0^abc	21.5 ± 1.2^ab	18.6 ± 1.4^abcd	19.8 ± 0.4^abc	22.3 ± 0.2^a	16.6 ± 0.6^cde	14.3 ± 0.2^def	11.6 ± 3.3^f	17.8 ± 0.2^abcd	16.0 ± 0.3^cdef	12.8 ± 0.2^ef	17.3 ± 2.9^bcde	***	***	***
Mav-3-glc¹	459.5 ± 37.4^cd	565.1 ± 12.9^a	509.7 ± 14.2^b	447.2 ± 19.6^cd	512.3 ± 9.5^b	453.0 ± 3.1^cd	378.1 ± 1.7^e	339.6 ± 8.8^ef	483.7 ± 2.7^bc	438.2 ± 5.3^d	368.5 ± 5.4^e	320.9 ± 4.9^f	***	***	***
VitA²	14.9 ± 2.6^ab	16.1 ± 0.5^a	15.1 ± 2.7^a	15.1 ± 0.6^a	15.0 ± 0.2^a	13.7 ± 0.3^ab	13.9 ± 0.2^ab	11.1 ± 2.2^b	13.9 ± 0.5^ab	14.4 ± 0.5^ab	13.6 ± 0.4^ab	13.3 ± 0.3^ab	*	**	*
VitB²	5.7 ± 1.2^ab	5.5 ± 0.3^ab	4.2 ± 1.0^bcd	6.0 ± 0.1^a	5.3 ± 0.2^abc	4.5 ± 0.03^bcd	5.3 ± 0.3^ab	3.6 ± 0.4^d	4.7 ± 0.2^abcd	4.6 ± 0.3^abcd	3.8 ± 0.1 ^cd	4.6 ± 0.1^abcd	*	***	***
Mv-3-O-glc-(epi)cat²	9.4 ± 1.2^ab	5.8 ± 0.3^d	4.7 ± 1.1d^ef	7.5 ± 0.3^c	9.8 ± 0.1^a	5.0 ± 0.1^de	8.2 ± 0.2^bc	3.5 ± 0.6^f	5.5 ± 0.2^d	4.9 ± 0.1^def	3.9 ± 0.1^ef	3.9 ± 0.01^ef	***	***	***
Pet-3-(6′'-act)-glc²	3.9 ± 0.7^a	3.9 ± 0.3^a	3.2 ± 0.9^ab	3.6 ± 0.1^ab	4.1 ± 0.02^a	3.3 ± 0.1^ab	3.5 ± 0.05^ab	2.5 ± 0.5^b	3.5 ± 0.2^ab	3.3 ± 0.1^ab	2.3 ± 0.9^b	3.1 ± 0.02^ab	**	*	*
Peo-3-(6′'-act)-glc²	3.5 ± 0.4^ab	3.5 ± 0.1^ab	3.0 ± 0.7^abc	3.3 ± 0.03^abc	3.6 ± 0.03^a	2.6 ± 0.1^cde	3.2 ± 0.02^abc	1.9 ± 0.4^de	3.0 ± 0.03^abc	2.7 ± 0.2^bcd	2.1 ± 0.01^de	1.8 ± 0.1^e	***	***	***
Mv-3-(6′'-act)-glc²	53.7 ± 7.4^ab	57.7 ± 2.0^a	48.1 ± 10.0^abcd	48.3 ± 0.7^abcd	52.4 ± 0.6^abc	45.1 ± 0.9^bcde	38.3 ± 0.1^def	20.6 ± 3.1^g	47.5 ± 0.7^abcd	41.7 ± 0.6^cdef	34.8 ± 0.4^ef	31.0 ± 0.03 ^fg	***	***	***
Pet-3-(6′'-t-cm)-glc²	9.0 ± 0.4^b	10.3 ± 0.3^a	9.0 ± 0.2^b	9.2 ± 0.3^b	7.6 ± 0.1^c	5.9 ± 0.1^de	5.4 ± 0.2^e	2.4 ± 0.3^g	6.5 ± 0.3^d	5.7 ± 0.2^e	3.5 ± 0.2^f	4.1 ± 0.02^f	***	***	***
Mv-3-(6′'-c-cm)-glc²	2.9 ± 0.2^bc	3.5 ± 0.1^ab	2.8 ± 0.7^c	3.7 ± 0.1^a	3.6 ± 0.02^ab	2.5 ± 0.05^cd	2.7 ± 0.02^cd	1.5 ± 0.03^e	2.4 ± 0.1^cd	2.5 ± 0.1 ^cd	2.0 ± 0.2^de	2.1 ± 0.1^de	***	***	***
Peo-3-(6′'-t-cm)-glc²	7.5 ± 0.5^ab	8.3 ± 0.7^a	5.9 ± 2.2^bc	6.9 ± 0.2^ab	5.7 ± 0.2^bc	4.2 ± 0.1^cd	2.4 ± 0.01^def	1.7 ± 0.2^f	4.7 ± 0.2^c	3.9 ± 0.1^cde	1.9 ± 0.1^ef	2.6 ± 0.3^def	***	***	*
Mv-3-(6′'-t-cm)-glc²	55.8 ± 3.5^ab	62.9 ± 2.7^a	46.5 ± 14.9^bc	47.7 ± 1.4^bc	43.2 ± 0.1^bc	37.3 ± 0.7^c	23.1 ± 0.3^de	14.5 ± 1.8^e	40.1 ± 2.0^c	36.0 ± 0.1^cd	20.1 ± 1.0^e	20.0 ± 0.4^e	***	***	*
*Total*	696.7 ± 36.6^bc	819.9 ± 20.3^a	710.4 ± 63.2^b	661.7 ± 24.3^bcd	733.1 ± 10.1^b	633.4 ± 3.7^cd	543.1 ± 17.9^ef	441.9 ± 15.3^g	677.8 ± 5.0^bcd	614.3 ± 8.4^de	502.5 ± 6.3 ^fg	454.4 ± 8.0 ^g	*******	*******	*******
Phenolic acids (mg/L)
Gallic acid¹	228.5 ± 36.2^abc	247.1 ± 5.9^ab	241.0 ± 9.5^abc	224.2 ± 7.5^bc	242.2 ± 1.0^abc	252.7 ± 2.6^ab	217.7 ± 7.0^bc	206.3 ± 21.8^c	237.9 ± 9.4^abc	255.4 ± 3.3^ab	216.0 ± 1.1^bc	266.6 ± 8.2^a	**	*	***
Caftaric acid¹	102.3 ± 12.1^ab	108.1 ± 3.6^a	85.6 ± 17.3^b	94.3 ± 3.5^ab	104.4 ± 3.3^ab	106.8 ± 1.1^a	95.3 ± 3.0^ab	84.3 ± 8.6^b	102.8 ± 2.3^ab	107.4 ± 1.8^a	96.7 ± 1.1^ab	113.4 ± 5.7^a	***	*	*
cis-Coutaric acid³	14.6 ± 2.2^a	15.8 ± 0.03^a	15.3 ± 3.3^a	14.3 ± 0.3^a	15.0 ± 0.6^a	15.7 ± 0.5^a	14.4 ± 0.3^a	14.5 ± 0.4^a	14.0 ± 1.8^a	15.9 ± 0.1^a	16.2 ± 0.9^a	16.0 ± 0.01^a	ns	ns	ns
cis-Fertaric acid³	10.8 ± 2.3^a	11.7 ± 0.3^a	13.0 ± 3.6^a	11.8 ± 0.4^a	12.2 ± 0.2^a	11.2 ± 0.2^a	11.0 ± 0.3^a	10.4 ± 0.3^a	12.0 ± 0.04^a	11.6 ± 0.2^a	11.4 ± 0.1^a	11.8 ± 0.1^a	ns	ns	ns
trans-Fertaric acid³	5.5 ± 0.5^ab	6.2 ± 0.2^ab	7.1 ± 2.8^a	5.5 ± 0.1^ab	5.9 ± 0.2^ab	5.2 ± 0.1^ab	4.9 ± 0.2^ab	3.8 ± 0.05^b	5.4 ± 0.2^ab	6.0 ± 0.1^ab	4.5 ± 0.3^b	6.2 ± 0.05^ab	ns	*	*
Syringic acid¹	11.1 ± 0.7^def	13.6 ± 0.5^a	10.0 ± 0.2^g	11.9 ± 0.5^cde	11.5 ± 0.2^cdef	13.1 ± 0.2^ab	12.1 ± 0.1^bc	11.0 ± 0.2^efg	11.1 ± 0.1^cdef	12.0 ± 0.3^cd	10.6 ± 0.4^fg	11.3 ± 0.02^cdef	***	***	***
Ellagic acid¹	4.8 ± 0.8^cde	7.0 ± 0.3^ab	6.7 ± 1.1^abc	5.5 ± 0.4^bcde	6.6 ± 0.2^abc	5.4 ± 0.2^bcde	4.3 ± 1.5^de	6.0 ± 0.2^bcd	5.1 ± 0.5^bcde	8.5 ± 1.1^a	5.7 ± 0.6^bcd	3.5 ± 0.02^e	***	ns	***
*Total*	377.5 ± 50.5^abc	409.6 ± 9.2^ab	379.7 ± 21.1^abc	367.5 ± 10.8^bc	398.7 ± 4.7^ab	410.1 ± 1.3^ab	359.9 ± 11.2^bc	336.2 ± 31.5^c	389.3 ± 13.7^abc	416.8 ± 3.7^ab	361.1 ± 1.1^bc	429.9 ± 13.8^a	*******	*	**
Flavonols (mg/L)
Q3OG⁴	4.1 ± 0.7^ab	4.3 ± 0.1^a	3.6 ± 0.5^abc	3.2 ± 0.4^bcd	3.6 ± 0.1^abc	3.3 ± 0.02^abc	2.1 ± 0.1^d	2.8 ± 0.6^cd	4.2 ± 0.6^ab	3.3 ± 0.03^abc	2.4 ± 0.3^cd	3.2 ± 0.04^abc	***	***	*
Myricetin¹	4.5 ± 0.4^b	5.4 ± 0.2^a	1.6 ± 0.2^d	1.1 ± 0.1^e	2.0 ± 0.2^cd	1.9 ± 0.1 ^cd	nd	nd	2.3 ± 0.05^c	1.9 ± 0.1^cd	nd	nd	***	***	***
Quercetin¹	3.3 ± 0.3^b	4.1 ± 0.1^a	1.4 ± 0.1^cd	1.3 ± 0.1^cd	1.5 ± 0.1^c	1.1 ± 0.1^d	nd	nd	1.4 ± 0.2^cd	1.2 ± 0.01^cd	nd	nd	***	***	***
*Total*	11.9 ± 1.4^b	13.9 ± 0.2^a	6.6 ± 0.5^cd	5.6 ± 0.1^d	7.0 ± 0.2 ^cd	6.3 ± 0.1^cd	2.1 ± 0.1^e	2.8 ± 0.6^e	7.9 ± 0.8^c	6.4 ± 0.1^cd	2.4 ± 0.3^e	3.2 ± 0.1^e	*******	*******	*******
Flavanols (mg/L)
Procyanidin B1⁵	95.8 ± 9.7^ab	91.5 ± 3.7^ab	80.7 ± 20.9^bc	88.4 ± 4.4^abc	108.0 ± 13.3^a	87.6 ± 2.3^abc	82.9 ± 1.9^abc	75.9 ± 1.1^bc	101.0 ± 13.4^ab	87.0 ± 0.9^abc	76.5 ± 3.3^bc	64.9 ± 1.1^c	***	ns	ns
(+) catechin¹	47.5 ± 4.1^b	45.5 ± 6.2^e	51.8 ± 2.7^ab	44.8 ± 1.8^bc	37.9 ± 2.4^cd	57.6 ± 1.7^a	36.9 ± 0.6^cd	48.2 ± 4.7^ab	48.7 ± 7.2^ab	48.6 ± 2.0^ab	31.4 ± 1.0^de	45.8 ± 2.7^bc	**	*	***
Procyanidin B2⁵	69.1 ± 7.4^b	68.1 ± 7.0^b	39.4 ± 7.8^c	45.9 ± 2.0^c	83.9 ± 7.0^ab	71.7 ± 6.8^ab	46.7 ± 1.2^c	44.9 ± 1.4^c	88.1 ± 5.6^a	68.3 ± 9.1^b	46.3 ± 1.5^c	69.1 ± 5.4^b	***	***	**
	C				I				U + I				Tm	Tr	*TmTr**
	7	14	21	28	7	14	21	28	7	14	21	28
Procyanidin B3⁵	47.5 ± 3.9^a	51.2 ± 2.3^a	57.5 ± 2.4^a	54.0 ± 3.2^a	52.4 ± 3.1^a	57.8 ± 6.5^a	47.4 ± 4.4^a	60.7 ± 5.3^a	47.2 ± 3.2^a	61.4 ± 2.1^a	57.1 ± 4.1	56.3 ± 1.4^a	ns	ns	ns
(-) epicatechin¹	39.1 ± 2.4^ab	38.9 ± 1.0^abc	31.8 ± 1.5^de	26.6 ± 0.4^ef	40.7 ± 2.7^a	34.5 ± 2.6^bcd	24.3 ± 0.6^f	23.9 ± 1.1^f	32.6 ± 2.2^d	32.7 ± 0.9^d	33.8 ± 1.2 ^cd	25.2 ± 2.5^f	***	***	***
*Total*	299.1 ± 16.3^abc	259.7 ± 13.5^de	268.3 ± 27.1^cde	264.9 ± 11.0^cde	322.9 ± 1.1^a	309.3 ± 9.7^abc	231.1 ± 13.6^e	272.3 ± 18.8^bcde	317.5 ± 28.3^ab	298.0 ± 10.3^abcd	236.4 ± 4.5^e	269.9 ± 1.3^cde	*******	ns	**
Stilbenes (mg/L)
trans-piceid⁶	nd	nd	nd	nd	2.1 ± 0.01^a	2.0 ± 0.1^ab	1.7 ± 0.1^ab	1.1 ± 0.4^c	1.8 ± 0.2^ab	2.0 ± 0.1^ab	1.7 ± 0.1^b	1.9 ± 0.01^ab	***	***	***
trans-Resveratrol¹	0.9 ± 0.05^ef	1.0 ± 0.1^ef	0.7 ± 0.04^f	0.6 ± 0.03^f	2.2 ± 0.1^ab	2.4 ± 0.1^a	1.3 ± 0.03^de	1.7 ± 0.4^cd	1.8 ± 0.4^bc	2.2 ± 0.02^abc	1.3 ± 0.02^e	1.2 ± 0.1^e	***	***	**
*Total*	0.9 ± 0.05^d	1.0 ± 0.08^d	0.7 ± 0.04^d	0.6 ± 0.03^d	4.3 ± 0.1^ab	4.4 ± 0.09^a	3.0 ± 0.1^c	2.8 ± 0.7^c	3.6 ± 0.6^bc	4.1 ± 0.1^ab	2.9 ± 0.09^c	3.1 ± 0.1^c	*******	*******	**
*TOTAL*	1386.2 ± 81.3^abc	1504.0 ± 38.5^a	1365.7 ± 100.3^abc	1300.3 ± 44.6 ^cd	1466.1 ± 13.5^ab	1363.5 ± 12.3^abc	1139.2 ± 17.4^e	1056.0 ± 66.4^e	1396.2 ± 38.9^abc	1339.7 ± 19.6^bc	1105.3 ± 10.5^e	1160.4 ± 13.2^de	*******	*******	*******

^†In row, different letters indicate statistically significant differences at p < 0.05 according to two-way ANOVA with interaction followed by Tukey’s test. Significance: ns, *, **, and ***, not significant or significant at p < 0.05, p < 0.01, or p < 0.001, respectively. Average value ± standard deviation (n = 3). Abbreviations: C, control wine; I, wine with infusion of vine-shoot chips; U + I, wine with ultrasound and infusion of vine-shoot chips; nd, not detected; De-3-glc, Delphinidin 3-glucoside; Pet-3-glc, Petunidin 3-glucoside; Peo-3-glc, Peonidin 3-glucoside; Mav-3-glc, Malvidin 3-glucoside; VitA, Vitisin A; VitB, Vitisin B; Mv-3-O-glc-(epi)cat, Malvidin-3-O-glucoside-(epi)cathechin; Pet-3-(6′'-act)-glc, Petunidin-3-(6′'-acetyl)-glucoside; Peo-3-(6′'-act)-glc, Peonidin-3-(6′'-acetyl)-glucoside; Mv-3-(6′'-act)-glc, Malvidin 3-(6′'-acetyl)-glucoside; Pet-3-(6′'-t-cm)-glc, Petunidin 3-(6′'-t-coumaroyl)-glucoside; Mv-3-(6′'-c-cm)-glc, Malvidin 3-(6′'-c-coumaroyl)-glucoside; Peo-3-(6′'-t-cm)-glc, Peonidin 3-(6′'-t-coumaroyl)-glucoside; Mv-3-(6′'-t-cm)-glc, Malvidin 3-(6′'-t-coumaroyl)-glucoside; Q3OG, Quercetin 3-O-glucuronide.

Quantified using corresponding standards; ²expressed as malvidin 3-glucoside equivalents; ³expressed as caftaric acid; ⁴expressed as quercetin; ⁵expressed as (+) catechin; ⁶expressed as trans-Resveratrol.