. 2024 Feb 19;11:1334077. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1334077

Table 2.

Quantification of bound phenolic (BPs) in Canarium album L.

ID	Tentative compound	RT (min)	Molecular formula	Canarium album L. (mg/100 g DW)
				“Na zhong”	“Tan xiang”	“Xiang zhong”
Hydroxybenzoic acids and derivatives
1	Quinic acid	1.67	C7H12O6	3.67 ± 0.44^b	23.49 ± 5.40^a	1.44 ± 0.32^b
2	Galloylquinic acid^*	2.66	C14H16O10	0.79 ± 0.07^a	0.92 ± 0.55^a	0.15 ± 0.01^a
3	Gallic acid hexoside^*	2.70	C13H16O10	0.02^a	0.03 ± 0.01^a	0.01^a
4	Gallic acid	3.91	C7H6O5	8.56 ± 1.04^a	10.47 ± 0.87^a	13.24 ± 4.12^a
5	Protocatechuic acid	5.76	C7H6O4	0.24 ± 0.13^a	0.17 ± 0.04^a	0.20 ± 0.04^a
6	Brevifolincarboxylic acid^*	6.31	C13H8O8	0.36 ± 0.06^a	0.68 ± 0.34^a	0.29 ± 0.02^a
7	4-hydroxybenzoic acid	6.41	C7H6O3	1.60 ± 0.43^a	1.26 ± 0.17^a	1.20 ± 0.21^a
8	Syringic acid	7.21	C9H10O5	0.99 ± 0.02^a	0.93 ± 0.06^a	0.95 ± 0.03^a
Total (mg/100 g DW)				16.23 ± 1.22^b (34.18%)	37.96 ± 4.71^a (67.49%)	17.48 ± 4.60^b (56.82%)
Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives
9	Caffeic acid	6.81	C9H8O4	0.19 ± 0.09^a	0.12 ± 0.02^a	0.13 ± 0.04^a
10	Esculetin	7.05	C9H6O4	0.02^a	ND	ND
11	4-hydroxycinnamic acid	8.78	C9H8O3	0.14 ± 0.02^ab	0.16 ± 0.01^a	0.08 ± 0.04^b
12	Ferulic acid	9.53	C10H10O4	0.39 ± 0.33^a	0.16 ± 0.04^a	0.11 ± 0.04^a
13	Isoferulic acid	10.21	C10H10O4	5.03 ± 1.38^a	0.87 ± 0.19^b	0.75 ± 0.16^b
14	Cinnamic acid	15.60	C9H8O2	1.42 ± 0.08^a	0.60 ± 0.34^ab	0.86 ± 0.04^b
Total (mg/100 g DW)				7.14 ± 1.22^a (15.04%)	1.91 ± 0.55^b (3.40%)	1.94 ± 0.18^b (6.30%)
Isoflavones and derivatives
15	Genistin	10.16	C21H20O10	0.38 ± 0.12^a	0.17 ± 0.08^a	0.19 ± 0.05^a
16	Genistein	16.02	C15H10O5	0.85 ± 0.07^a	0.31 ± 0.10^b	0.44 ± 0.13^b
Total (mg/100 g DW)				1.23 ± 0.12^a (2.59%)	0.48 ± 0.16^b (0.86%)	0.63 ± 0.17^b (2.04%)
Flavones and derivatives
17	Hyperoside	9.19	C21H20O12	1.10 ± 1.44^a	0.08 ± 0.06^a	0.02 ± 0.01^a
18	Nobiletin^*	16.85	C21H22O8	0.72 ± 0.05^a	0.30 ± 0.07^b	0.30 ± 0.06^b
19	Amentoflavone^*	17.06	C30H18O10	0.61 ± 0.90^a	1.30 ± 0.32^a	1.14 ± 0.39^a
Total (mg/100 g DW)				2.43 ± 1.17^a (5.12%)	1.68 ± 0.32^a (2.99%)	1.46 ± 0.45^a (4.74%)
Flavonols and derivatives
20	Quercetin	14.56	C15H10O7	0.45 ± 0.18^b	2.48 ± 0.34^a	2.08 ± 0.79^a
21	Dihydrokaempferol^*	15.73	C15H12O6	0.03^a	0.01^b	ND
Total (mg/100 g DW)				0.48 ± 0.19^b (1.02%)	2.49 ± 0.34^a (4.43%)	2.08 ± 0.79^a (6.77%)
Flavanols and derivatives
22	Catechin	5.88	C15H14O6	0.03 ± 0.01^b	0.14 ± 0.01^b	0.29 ± 0.09^a
Total (mg/100 g DW)				0.03 ± 0.01^b (0.05%)	0.14 ± 0.01^b (0.24%)	0.29 ± 0.09^a (0.95%)
Other polyphenols and derivatives
23	Geraniin isomers^*	6.71	C41H28O27	0.53 ± 0.39^a	0.24 ± 0.11^a	0.15 ± 0.05^a
24	Corilagin (1-O-galloyl-3,6-(R)-HHDP-β-d-glucose)	6.79	C9H10O4	0.80 ± 0.19^a	0.74 ± 0.11^a	0.63 ± 0.03^a
25	Geraniin^*	7.78	C41H28O27	0.16 ± 0.07^a	0.12 ± 0.03^a	0.10 ± 0.02^a
26	Ellagic acid pentoside^*	7.85	C19H14O12	1.04 ± 0.67^a	0.69 ± 0.56^a	0.37 ± 0.24^a
27	Ellagic acid	8.84	C14H6O8	9.69 ± 1.06^a	8.15 ± 3.84^a	3.47 ± 0.19^b
28	Methyl ellagic acid pentoside^*	9.83	C20H16O12	0.47 ± 0.49^a	0.09 ± 0.01^a	0.08 ± 0.01^a
29	Syringaldehyde	10.75	C9H10O4	6.78 ± 0.23^a	1.25 ± 0.36^b	1.50 ± 0.17^b
30	Paeonol	17.28	C9H10O3	0.49 ± 0.21^a	0.32 ± 0.15^a	0.57 ± 0.25^a
Total (mg/100 g DW)				19.94 ± 1.70^a (41.99%)	11.58 ± 4.82^b (20.59%)	6.88 ± 0.40^b (22.37%)
Total PC (mg/100 g DW)				47.49 ± 2.66^a	56.25 ± 2.36^a	30.77 ± 5.10^b

Values represent the mean ± standard error (n = 3). The different lowercase letters between each row indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) between the Chinese olive cultivars. Quantification was reported in mg/100 g DW.

RT, retention time; ND, not detected.

^*Galloylquinic acid, gallic acid hexoside and brevifolincarboxylic acid were quantified in gallic acid equivalents. Nobiletin and amentoflavone were quantified in hyperoside equivalents. Dihydrokaempferol was quantified in kaempferol equivalents. Geraniin isomers, geraniin, ellagic acid pentoside, and methyl ellagic acid pentoside were quantified in ellagic acid equivalents.