Table 3.
Distribution of antimicrobial resistance genes found in bacterial isolates from pooled chicken and pork samples.
| Antibiotics | Media | Genus | Resistance genes | Chicken (n = 206) Observed/total (%) |
Pork (n = 82) Observed/total (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aminoglycoside | Brilliance™ ESBL | Proteus spp. | aadA1 | 1/2 (50.0) | 0/0 (0.0) |
| Pseudomonas spp. | aph(3′)-Ib, aph(6)-Id | 0/0 (0.0) | 1/6 (16.7) | ||
| aph(3′)-llb | 5/28 (17.9) | 1/6 (16.7) | |||
| Brilliance™ CRE | Stenotrophomonas spp. | aac(6′)-lz, aadA5 | 1/7 (14.3) | 0/0 (0.0) | |
| aph(3′)-IIC | 3/7 (42.9) | 0/0 (0.0) | |||
| MAC/XLD | Escherichia spp. | aadA1 | 0/0 (0.0) | 1/6 (16.7) | |
| aph(3″)-lb, aph(6)-Id | 3/46 (6.5) | 0/0 (0.0) | |||
| Amphenicols | Brilliance™ ESBL | Pseudomonas spp. | catB7 | 5/28 (17.9) | 1/6 (16.7) |
| MAC/XLD | Escherichia spp. | catB7 | 0/0 (0.0) | 1/6 (16.7) | |
| β-lactamase | Brilliance™ ESBL | Achromobacter spp. | blaL1 | 1/2 (50.0) | 0/0 (0.0) |
| Aeromonas spp. | ampS, cphA4 | 0/0 (0.0) | 1/1 (100.0) | ||
| Buttiauxella spp. | qacE | 1/1 (100.0) | 0/0 (0.0) | ||
| Citrobacter spp. | blaCMY-101 | 0/0 (0.0) | 1/1 (100.0) | ||
| blaCMY-82 | 1/1 (100.0) | 0/0 (0.0) | |||
| Pseudomonas spp. | blaOXA-485, blaOXA-488 | 0/0 (0.0) | 1/6 (16.7) | ||
| blaOXA-494 | 2/28 (7.15) | 0/0 (0.0) | |||
| POM-1 | 2/28 (7.15) | 3/6 (50.0) | |||
| qacE | 3/28 (10.7) | 1/31 (3.2) | |||
| blaOXA-50, blaOXA-396 | 5/28 (17.9) | 0/0 (0.0) | |||
| blaPAO | 5/28 (17.9) | 1/6 (16.7) | |||
| Rahnella spp. | blaRAHN-2 | 0/0 (0.0) | 1/1 (100.0) | ||
| Serratia spp. | blaFONA-1 | 0/0 (0.0) | 2/31 (6.4) | ||
| blaFONA-4 | 1/56 (1.8) | 1/31 (3.2) | |||
| blaFONA-2 | 1/56 (1.8) | 3/31 (9.7) | |||
| blaFONA-5 | 3/56 (5.3) | 5/31 (16.1) | |||
| blaFONA-6 | 50/56 (89.3) | 19/31 (61.3) | |||
| Yersinia spp. | blaFONA-6 | 0/0 (0.0) | 1/1 (100.0) | ||
| Brilliance™ CRE | Acinetobacter spp. | blaOXA-67 | 0/0 (0.0) | 4/8 (50) | |
| blaMUS-1, blaOXA-117, blaOXA-120, blaOXA-355, blaOXA-98 | 1/13 (7.7) | 0/0 (0.0) | |||
| blaOXA-64 | 2/13 (15.4) | 0/0 (0.0) | |||
| blaOXA-51 | 4/13 (30.8) | 0/0 (0.0) | |||
| blaADC-25 | 9/13 (69.2) | 4/8 (50) | |||
| Aeromonas spp. | blaFONA-1 | 0/0 (0.0) | 1/1 (100) | ||
| ampS, blaCEPH-A3, blaFONA-2, blaRAHN-2 | 1/3 (33.3) | 0/0 (0.0) | |||
| cphA5 | 1/3 (33.3) | 1/1 (100) | |||
| Citrobacter spp. | blaACC-3 | 0/0 (0.0) | 1/1 (100) | ||
| Enterobacter spp. | blaACT-4 | 2/3 (66.7) | 0/0 (0.0) | ||
| Myroides spp. | blaMUS-1 | 2/2 (100) | 0/0 (0.0) | ||
| Stenotrophomonas spp. | blaL1, qacE | 1/7 (14.3) | 0/0 (0.0) | ||
| Brilliance™ VRE | Buttiauxella spp. | blaFONA-6 | 1/2 (50) | 0/0 (0.0) | |
| Serratia spp. | blaFONA-5 | 2/9 (22.2) | 0/0 (0.0) | ||
| blaFONA-6 | 9/9 (100) | 1/4 (25) | |||
| MAC/XLD | Aeromonas spp. | ampS, blaTEM-1B | 0/0 (0.0) | 1/3 (33.3) | |
| cphA4 | 2/3 (66.7) | 0/0 (0.0) | |||
| Citrobacter spp. | blaCMY-89 | 1/1 (100) | 0/0 (0.0) | ||
| Escherichia spp. | blaSHV-56, qacE, blaTEM-1B | 0/0 (0.0) | 1/6 (16.7) | ||
| cphA5 | 1/46 (2.2) | 0/0 (0.0) | |||
| Hafnia spp. | blaACC-3 | 0/0 (0.0) | 1/14 (7.1) | ||
| blaACC-1 | 1/8 (12.5) | 0/0 (0.0) | |||
| blaACC-1a | 1/8 (12.5) | 11/14 (78.6) | |||
| blaACC-5, blaCMY-105 | 2/8 (25) | 0/0 (0.0) | |||
| blaACC-1b | 6/8 (75.0) | 1/14 (7.1) | |||
| Klebsiella spp. | blaSHV-40, blaSHV-56, blaSHV-79, blaSHV-85, blaSHV-89 | 1/1 (100) | 0/0 (0.0) | ||
| Serratia spp. | blaFONA-6 | 2/2 (100) | 0/0 (0.0) | ||
| CAMPY | Campylobacter spp. | blaOXA-193, blaOXA-450, blaOXA-451, blaOXA-452, blaOXA-453, blaOXA-489, blaOXA-61, blaTEM-116 | 4/7 (66.7) | 0/0 (0.0) | |
| Colistin | Brilliance™ ESBL | Achromobacter spp. | mcr-5.1 | 1/1 (100.0) | 0/0 (0.0) |
| Serratia spp. | mcr-9 | 0/0 (0.0) | 1/31 (3.2) | ||
| MAC/XLD | Aeromonas spp. | mcr-3.15 | 1/3 (33.3) | 0/0 (0.0) | |
| Formaldehyde | MAC/XLD | Escherichia spp. | formA | 1/46 (2.2) | 0/0 (0.0) |
| Fosfomycin | Brilliance™ ESBL | Pseudomonas spp. | fosA | 5/28 (17.9) | 1/6 (16.7) |
| Brilliance™ CRE | Enterobacter spp. | fosA | 2/3 (66.6) | 0/0 (0.0) | |
| MAC/XLD | Klebsiella spp. | fosA | 1/1 (100) | 0/0 (0.0) | |
| Hydrogen peroxide | Brilliance™ CRE | Escherichia spp. | sitABCD | 1/1 (100) | 0/0 (0.0) |
| Brilliance™ VRE | Myroides spp. | sitABCD | 2/2 (100) | 0/0 (0.0) | |
| MAC/XLD | Escherichia spp. | sitABCD | 28/46 (60.9) | 2/6 (33.3) | |
| Olaquindox | MAC/XLD | Klebsiella spp. | OqxA, OqxB | 1/1 (100) | 0/0 (0.0) |
| Quinolones | Brilliance™ ESBL | Citrobacter spp. | qnrB72 | 1/1 (100.0) | 0/0 (0.0) |
| MAC/XLD | Citrobacter spp. | qnrB60 | 1/1 (100) | 0/0 (0.0) | |
| Sulphonamide | Brilliance™ ESBL | Pseudomonas spp. | sul1 | 0/0 (0.0) | 1/6 (16.7) |
| crpP | 3/28 (10.7) | 1/6 (16.7) | |||
| Brilliance™ CRE | Stenotrophomonas spp. | sul1 | 1/7 (14.3) | 0/0 (0.0) | |
| MAC/XLD | Aeromonas spp. | sul1 | 1/3 (33.3) | 0/0 (0.0) | |
| Escherichia spp. | sul2 | 3/46 (6.5) | 0/0 (0.0) | ||
| Tetracycline | Brilliance™ ESBL | Aeromonas spp. | tet(E) | 0/0 (0.0) | 1/6 (16.7) |
| Brilliance™ CRE | Aeromonas spp. | tet(E) | 1/3 (33.3) | 0/0 (0.0) | |
| Stenotrophomonas spp. | tet(A) | 1/7 (14.3) | 0/0 (0.0) | ||
| Brilliance™ VRE | Serratia spp. | tet(A) | 1/9 (11.1) | 2/4 (50) | |
| MAC/XLD | Aeromonas spp. | tet(E) | 1/3 (33.3) | 1/3 (33.3) | |
| Escherichia spp. | tet(A) | 7/46 (15.2) | 2/6 (33.3) | ||
| CAMPY | Campylobacter spp. | tet(O) | 1/7 (16.6) | 0/0 (0.0) | |
| Trimethoprim | MAC/XLD | Escherichia spp. | dfrA5, dfrA14 | 1/46 (2.2) | 0/0 (0.0) |
These data represent the antibiotic resistance genes detected in bacterial isolates, categorising them across 12 distinct antibiotic classes. Notably, during AST, five of these classes were scrutinised. Among these, three were CIAs: aminoglycoside, β-lactamase, and quinolone, while two were HIAs: sulphonamide and tetracycline.