Table 5.

Summary of the advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of spine surgery, which showed great potential and were continuously developing

Category of topic in spine surgery	Promising and evolving
Diagnostic imaging in spinal disease	AI was being extensively used in interpreting diagnostic imaging such as MRI, CT scans, and X-rays to detect spinal conditions, fractures, tumors, and other anomalies. AI algorithms aided in precise and faster analysis, assisting surgeons in accurate diagnoses.
Planning and simulation of spine surgery	AI tools assisted in preoperative planning by generating 3D models of the spine based on imaging data. Surgeons could simulate procedures, map out surgical strategies, and anticipate potential complications, thus enhancing surgical precision.
Robot-assisted spine surgery	Robotic systems equipped with AI algorithms were gaining traction in spine surgery. These systems provided enhanced dexterity, precision, and stability during procedures, allowing surgeons to perform complex operations with greater accuracy.
Patient’s outcome prediction and management	AI-driven predictive models helped forecast patient outcomes post-surgery. These models utilized patient data to estimate recovery trajectories, enabling personalized care plans and better patient management.
AR and VR assisted surgery	AR and VR technologies were employed to create immersive environments for surgeons, aiding in preoperative planning and intraoperative guidance. These technologies offered real-time feedback and visualization during surgery.
Data analytics and decision system	AI algorithms process vast amounts of patient data to identify patterns, trends, and risk factors. This analysis supported clinicians in making informed decisions regarding treatment plans and postoperative care.

AI, artificial intelligence; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; CT, computed tomography; 3D, three-dimensional; AR, augmented reality; VR, virtual reality.