Table 2.
Causal effects of the three factors on the mental disorders in the Mendelian randomisation analysis
| Exposure | Outcome | B (SE) | OR (95% CI) | N_IV | P value | FDR |
| EA | ADHD | −0.333 (0.018) | 0.72 (0.69 to 0.74) | 457 | <0.001 | 6.63E−78 |
| EA | Alcohol dependence | −0.286 (0.042) | 0.75 (0.69 to 0.82) | 460 | <0.001 | 1.57E−10 |
| EA | Anorexia nervosa | 0.364 (0.077) | 1.44 (1.24 to 1.67) | 458 | <0.001 | 7.64E−06 |
| EA | Anxiety disorder | −0.056 (0.020) | 0.95 (0.91 to 0.98) | 454 | <0.001 | 8.83E−03 |
| EA | ASD | 0.192 (0.036) | 1.21 (1.13 to 1.30) | 460 | <0.001 | 5.15E–07 |
| EA | BD | 0.323 (0.066) | 1.38 (1.21 to 1.57) | 463 | <0.001 | 3.90E−06 |
| EA | Insomnia | −0.154 (0.013) | 0.86 (0.84 to 0.88) | 458 | <0.001 | 1.13E−32 |
| EA | MDD | −0.175 (0.028) | 0.84 (0.79 to 0.89) | 461 | <0.001 | 2.63E−09 |
| EA | OCD | 0.253 (0.064) | 1.29 (1.14 to 1.46) | 461 | <0.001 | 2.06E−04 |
| EA | Panic disorder | −0.390 (0.160) | 0.68 (0.49 to 0.93) | 462 | 0.015 | 0.023 |
| EA | PTSD | −0.064 (0.015) | 0.94 (0.91 to 0.97) | 462 | <0.001 | 5.99E−05 |
| EA | Schizophrenia | 0.050 (0.082) | 1.05 (0.90 to 1.23) | 461 | 0.536 | 0.674 |
| EA | TS | −0.313 (0.056) | 0.73 (0.66 to 0.82) | 460 | <0.001 | 1.36E−07 |
| Income | ADHD | −0.280 (0.035) | 0.76 (0.70 to 0.81) | 86 | <0.001 | 2.69E−14 |
| Income | Alcohol dependence | −0.191 (0.085) | 0.83 (0.70 to 0.98) | 88 | 0.024 | 0.036 |
| Income | Anorexia nervosa | 0.421 (0.119) | 1.52 (1.21 to 1.92) | 87 | <0.001 | 8.43E−04 |
| Income | Anxiety disorder | −0.121 (0.033) | 0.89 (0.83 to 0.95) | 87 | <0.001 | 5.53E−04 |
| Income | ASD | −0.010 (0.068) | 0.99 (0.87 to 1.13) | 88 | 0.884 | 0.907 |
| Income | BD | −0.069 (0.130) | 0.93 (0.72 to 1.20) | 88 | 0.595 | 0.682 |
| Income | Insomnia | −0.121 (0.022) | 0.89 (0.85 to 0.93) | 88 | <0.001 | 1.91E−07 |
| Income | MDD | −0.302 (0.047) | 0.74 (0.67 to 0.81) | 86 | <0.001 | 1.26E−09 |
| Income | OCD | 0.151 (0.102) | 1.16 (0.95 to 1.42) | 87 | 0.139 | 0.192 |
| Income | Panic disorder | −0.885 (0.255) | 0.41 (0.25 to 0.68) | 87 | <0.001 | 1.06E−03 |
| Income | PTSD | −0.116 (0.025) | 0.89 (0.85 to 0.93) | 89 | <0.001 | 1.01E−05 |
| Income | Schizophrenia | −0.382 (0.156) | 0.68 (0.50 to 0.93) | 88 | 0.014 | 0.023 |
| Income | TS | −0.282 (0.111) | 0.75 (0.61 to 0.94) | 87 | 0.011 | 0.019 |
| Intelligence | ADHD | −0.158 (0.028) | 0.85 (0.81 to 0.90) | 78 | <0.001 | 6.24E−08 |
| Intelligence | Alcohol dependence | −0.115 (0.055) | 0.89 (0.80 to 0.99) | 78 | 0.035 | 0.051 |
| Intelligence | Anorexia nervosa | 0.160 (0.109) | 1.17 (0.95 to 1.45) | 77 | 0.143 | 0.192 |
| Intelligence | Anxiety disorder | −0.005 (0.026) | 0.99 (0.95 to 1.05) | 76 | 0.833 | 0.879 |
| Intelligence | ASD | 0.144 (0.048) | 1.15 (1.05 to 1.27) | 78 | <0.001 | 4.66E−03 |
| Intelligence | BD | −0.032 (0.096) | 0.97 (0.80 to 1.17) | 78 | 0.741 | 0.826 |
| Intelligence | Insomnia | −0.068 (0.018) | 0.93 (0.90 to 0.97) | 78 | <0.001 | 2.75E−04 |
| Intelligence | MDD | −0.005 (0.044) | 0.99 (0.91 to 1.09) | 78 | 0.909 | 0.909 |
| Intelligence | OCD | −0.047 (0.084) | 0.95 (0.81 to 1.12) | 78 | 0.575 | 0.682 |
| Intelligence | Panic disorder | −0.046 (0.217) | 0.96 (0.62 to 1.46) | 78 | 0.834 | 0.879 |
| Intelligence | PTSD | −0.011 (0.021) | 0.99 (0.95 to 1.03) | 78 | 0.579 | 0.682 |
| Intelligence | Schizophrenia | −0.454 (0.135) | 0.63 (0.49 to 0.83) | 78 | <0.001 | 1.49E−03 |
| Intelligence | TS | −0.052 (0.081) | 0.95 (0.81 to 1.11) | 77 | 0.519 | 0.674 |
ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; BD, bipolar disorder; CI, confidence interval; EA, educational attainment; FDR, false discovery rate; IVW, inverse-variance weighted; MDD, major depressive disorder; N_IV, number of instrumental variable; OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder; OR, odds ratio; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; SE, standard error; TS, Tourette’s syndrome.