Table 3.
Causal effects of the three factors on the mental disorders in the multivariable Mendelian randomisation analysis
| Exposure | Outcome | B (SE) | OR (95% CI) | N_IV | P value | FDR |
| EA | ADHD | −0.22 (0.04) | 0.80 (0.74 to 0.87) | 435 | <0.001 | 1.88E−07 |
| EA | Alcohol dependence | −0.15 (0.10) | 0.86 (0.71 to 1.04) | 441 | 0.125 | 0.212 |
| EA | Anorexia nervosa | 0.16 (0.17) | 1.17 (0.84 to 1.63) | 436 | 0.358 | 0.499 |
| EA | Anxiety disorder | 0.01 (0.04) | 1.01 (0.93 to 1.10) | 430 | 0.788 | 0.884 |
| EA | ASD | 0.36 (0.08) | 1.43 (1.22 to 1.67) | 441 | <0.001 | 2.85E−05 |
| EA | BD | 0.75 (0.15) | 2.11 (1.57 to 2.83) | 444 | <0.001 | 3.83E−06 |
| EA | Insomnia | −0.11 (0.03) | 0.90 (0.85 to 0.95) | 439 | <0.001 | 7.50E−04 |
| EA | MDD | 0.02 (0.06) | 1.02 (0.90 to 1.15) | 443 | 0.795 | 0.884 |
| EA | OCD | 0.17 (0.14) | 1.19 (0.90 to 1.57) | 443 | 0.219 | 0.356 |
| EA | Panic disorder | 0.20 (0.36) | 1.22 (0.61 to 2.47) | 443 | 0.573 | 0.721 |
| EA | PTSD | 0.06 (0.03) | 1.07 (1.00 to 1.14) | 443 | 0.046 | 0.092 |
| EA | Schizophrenia | 1.23 (0.17) | 3.43 (2.44 to 4.83) | 443 | <0.001 | 6.32E−11 |
| EA | TS | −0.33 (0.13) | 0.72 (0.56 to 0.92) | 442 | <0.001 | 0.034 |
| Income | ADHD | −0.11 (0.04) | 0.90 (0.82 to 0.98) | 63 | 0.012 | 0.037 |
| Income | Alcohol dependence | −0.22 (0.11) | 0.80 (0.65 to 1.00) | 63 | 0.047 | 0.092 |
| Income | Anorexia nervosa | 0.33 (0.19) | 1.39 (0.95 to 2.02) | 61 | 0.087 | 0.162 |
| Income | Anxiety disorder | −0.12 (0.05) | 0.88 (0.80 to 0.97) | 62 | 0.013 | 0.037 |
| Income | ASD | −0.31 (0.09) | 0.73 (0.61 to 0.87) | 63 | <0.001 | 1.41E−03 |
| Income | BD | −0.41 (0.17) | 0.67 (0.48 to 0.92) | 62 | 0.015 | 0.037 |
| Income | Insomnia | −0.08 (0.03) | 0.93 (0.87 to 0.98) | 63 | 0.015 | 0.037 |
| Income | MDD | −0.40 (0.07) | 0.67 (0.59 to 0.77) | 61 | <0.001 | 1.45E−07 |
| Income | OCD | 0.15 (0.16) | 1.16 (0.86 to 1.58) | 63 | 0.333 | 0.481 |
| Income | Panic disorder | −0.95 (0.40) | 0.39 (0.18 to 0.85) | 62 | 0.017 | 0.039 |
| Income | PTSD | −0.19 (0.04) | 0.83 (0.77 to 0.89) | 62 | <0.001 | 2.29E−06 |
| Income | Schizophrenia | −0.99 (0.20) | 0.37 (0.25 to 0.55) | 62 | <0.001 | 2.68E−06 |
| Income | TS | −0.11 (0.14) | 0.90 (0.68 to 1.18) | 63 | 0.445 | 0.598 |
| Intelligence | ADHD | −0.06 (0.03) | 0.95 (0.89 to 1.00) | 52 | 0.047 | 0.092 |
| Intelligence | Alcohol dependence | 0.01 (0.07) | 1.01 (0.88 to 1.16) | 52 | 0.848 | 0.894 |
| Intelligence | Anorexia nervosa | −0.02 (0.12) | 0.98 (0.77 to 1.24) | 52 | 0.873 | 0.896 |
| Intelligence | Anxiety disorder | 0.01 (0.03) | 1.01 (0.95 to 1.07) | 52 | 0.816 | 0.884 |
| Intelligence | ASD | 0.06 (0.06) | 1.07 (0.95 to 1.19) | 52 | 0.266 | 0.407 |
| Intelligence | BD | −0.18 (0.11) | 0.84 (0.68 to 1.03) | 52 | 0.100 | 0.177 |
| Intelligence | Insomnia | 0.01 (0.02) | 1.01 (0.97 to 1.05) | 52 | 0.806 | 0.884 |
| Intelligence | MDD | 0.11 (0.04) | 1.12 (1.02 to 1.22) | 52 | 0.014 | 0.037 |
| Intelligence | OCD | −0.06 (0.10) | 0.94 (0.77 to 1.15) | 52 | 0.561 | 0.721 |
| Intelligence | Panic disorder | 0.06 (0.26) | 1.06 (0.64 to 1.76) | 52 | 0.815 | 0.884 |
| Intelligence | PTSD | 0.00 (0.02) | 1.00 (0.96 to 1.05) | 52 | 0.992 | 0.992 |
| Intelligence | Schizophrenia | −0.67 (0.13) | 0.51 (0.40 to 0.66) | 52 | <0.001 | 1.38E−06 |
| Intelligence | TS | 0.10 (0.09) | 1.11 (0.92 to 1.32) | 52 | 0.271 | 0.407 |
ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; BD, bipolar disorder; CI, confidence interval; EA, educational attainment; FDR, false discovery rate; MDD, major depressive disorder; N_IV, number of instrumental variable; OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder; OR, odds ratio; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; SE, standard error; TS, Tourette’s syndrome.