Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies
| Author | Year | Country | Study type | Study size | Follow-up | Age (years) | Observation time | Diagnosis of SLE | Vaccine type | NOS scores |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ju HJ [16] | 2023 | Korea | Cohort study | 3,838,120 vaccination, 3,834,804 historical |
(100.7 ± 90.3), (100.7 ± 88.5) days |
(45.7 ± 18.7), (44.8 ± 18.7) | NA | ICD-10 | COVID-19 | 5 |
| Peng K [27] | 2023 | Hong Kong | Cohort study | 4,197,188 population | NA | 54.09 ± 18.08, 54.25 ± 18.33 | 28 days | ICD-9 | COVID-19 | 7 |
| Skufca J [17] | 2018 | Finland | Cohort study | 134,615 vaccinated, 105,990 unvaccinated | 365 days | (11–15) | NA | ICD-10 | HPV | 6 |
| Hviid A [18] | 2018 | Danish and Swedish | Cohort study | 319,298 vaccinated, 16,067,162 unvaccinated | NA | 18–44 | NA | ICD-10 | HPV | 5 |
| Miranda S [19] | 2017 | French | Cohort study | 1,393,167 vaccination, 4,746,593 unvaccinated | NA | 13–16 | (20 ± 11) months | ICD-10 | HPV | 5 |
| Geier DA [28] | 2017 | USA | Case-control study |
48,816 cases, 21,998 controls |
3–37 days | 6–39 | NA | SLE (VAERS code: 10,042,945) | HPV | 6 |
| Bardenheier BH [29] | 2016 | USA | Case-control study | 39 cases,117 controls | 1 year | most in the 18- to 24- year-old range | 3 years | ICD-9 | AVA | 7 |
| Lai YC [30] | 2015 | USA | Case-control study | 80 cases, 151 controls | NA | NA | NA | SLE (VAERS code: 10,042,945) | Zoster | 5 |
| Grimaldi-Bensouda L [31] | 2014 | France and Canada | Case-control study | 105 cases, 712 controls | 24 months | (32.9 ± 12.6), (34.8 ± 13.8) | 12 or 24 months | The 1997 ACR criteria | Any vaccine (including influenza, DTPP) | 7 |
| Persson I [32] | 2014 | Sweden | Cohort study | 3,347,467 vaccination, 2,497,572 unvaccination | 27 months | 1->80 | 45 days | ICD-10 | Influenza | 9 |
| Zou Y [33] | 2014 | China | Case-control study | 471 cases identified from 1,253,832 individuals | NA | (39.08 ± 11.03), (39.05 ± 10.96) | NA | The 1997 ACR criteria | HBV | 7 |
| Angelo MG [34] | 2014 | 40 countries | Cohort study | 31,173 HPV, 24,241 controls | NA | 8–72 | 30 days (day 0–29) | NA | HPV | 6 |
| Arnheim-Dahlström L [35] | 2013 | Denmark, Sweden | Cohort study | 230,005 vaccinated, 2,374,231 unvaccinated | 180 days | 12.8 (2.7) | NA | ICD-10 | HPV | 8 |
| Chao C [36] | 2012 | USA | Cohort study | 117,761 vaccinated, 412,151 unvaccinated | 180 days | (9–26) | NA | ICD-9 | HPV | 6 |
| Verstraeten T [37] | 2008 | USA | Cohort study | 36,744 cases, 31,768 controls | 1.8 years | 10–72 | NA | NA | HPV, HSV, HBV | 6 |
| GEIER DA [38] | 2005 | USA | Case-control study | 47 cases,782 controls | NA | 24–39 | (3–19) days | Costart Code | HBV | 6 |
| Cooper GS [39] | 2002 | USA | Case-control study | 265 cases, 355 controls | NA | 15–81 | 13 months | The 1997 ACR criteria | HBV | 7 |
(ICD: international classification of diseases, COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019, HPV: human papillomavirus, HBV: hepatitis B virus, HSV: herpes simplex virus, NA: not applicable, DTPP: diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis)