Table 3.

GRADE certainty of evidence

Outcome	Exposure	Study numbers	GRADE					Evidence quality
Outcome	Exposure	Study numbers	Risk of bias	Inconsistency	Indirectness	Imprecision	Publication bias	Evidence quality
SLE	Any vaccine	17	0	-1^a	0	0	0	Very Low
SLE	HPV vaccine	7	0	-1^a	0	0	0	Very Low
SLE	HBV vaccine	4	0	-1^a	0	0	0	Very Low
SLE	Influenza vaccine	2	0	0	0	0	0	Low
SLE	COVID-19 vaccine	2	0	-1^a	0	0	0	Low
SLE	Case-control study	7	0	-1^a	0	0	0	Very Low
SLE	Cohort study	10	0	-1^a	0	0	0	Very Low
SLE	North America	7	0	-1^a	0	0	0	Very Low
SLE	Europe	7	0	0	0	0	0	Low
SLE	Asia	3	0	-1^a	0	0	0	Very Low
SLE	Observation time ≥ 180 days	8	0	0	0	0	0	Low
SLE	Observation time < 180 days	8	0	-1^a	0	0	0	Very Low

SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus, Explanations: a. high heterogeneity