Table 2.

Retrospective assessments of each of the ten rapid responses

Rapid response	Contribution to pandemic control	Negative impacts
1 The initial vaccine rollout	Yes [81]	Limited: autonomy; side effects
2 The introduction of booster doses	Yes [82]	Limited: autonomy; side effects
3 Rapid publication of large-scale studies	NA	None
4 Border closures	Yes [83]	Moderate: autonomy; economic loses
5 Physical distancing	Yes [83]	Substantial negative impact on the economy and educational processes; some negative impact on physical and mental health
6 Wastewater surveillance	NA	None
7 Digital surveillance	Yes [84]	Moderate to substantial: intrusion into personal privacy in case of involuntary surveillance; dangerous precedent beyond health care
8 Vaccine passports/green passes	Yes [85, 86]	Moderate: limits on autonomy including freedom of movement and assembly
9 Task forces on at-risk subgroups	NA	None
10 Integrated national database	NA	None