Table 4.
Summary of observed markers of antimalarial drug resistance and variants in malaria parasites from Ghana.
| Gene | Drug affected | Published molecular markers | References | Observed markers and variants in Ghanaian isolates | Some observed novel mutations in Ghanaian isolates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pffp2 | Artemisinin and derivatives | N4H, S35*, V51I, S59F, S69*, K255R | (26–28) | N4H, S35l/P/T, V51I/F, S59F, S69S/P, K255R/G | E18K, K31K, N32K, V47V, R60K, I79K, N108K, D151E |
| pfcoronin | Artemisinin and derivatives | G50E, V62M, R100K, E107V, N112N/Y/D | (12, 29–32) | V62l, R100R, N112K | P76S |
| pfnfs | Lumefantrine | S62N, K65Q, E67G | (17, 28) | S62N, K65Q, E67G/D | Q110E, S120I |
| pfarps10 | Artemisinin and derivatives | V127M | (16, 28, 33) | V127C/D/G/W | – |
| pffd | Artemisinin and derivatives | D193Y | (16, 28) | – | – |
| pfmrp1 | Sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine, Chloroquine, Quinine | H191Y, S437A, I876V | (18, 34, 35) | I876V | M863Y, D864G, D865*, L862S, N866Y, S885T |
| pfmrp2 | Chloroquine, Quinine, Mefloquine | N622D | (19) | – | D631G, N645D, K714I |
| pfdhps | Sulphadoxine | A437G, K540E, A581G, A613S | (21, 36–40) | A437G, K540N, A581G/A, A613S/T | N521K, H614l |
| pfdhfr | Pyrimethamine | N51I, C59R, S108N, I164l | (39, 41–44) | N51I/F, C59R, S108N/D, I164R/K | D54N, R106K, E134K, D139N, N230K |
*, stop codon; –, not observed; bold, observed published molecular markers in Ghanaian isolates.