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. 2023 Feb 16;3:1066158. doi: 10.3389/fepid.2023.1066158

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© 2023 Raza, Hussain, Foster, Wall, Coffey, Martin and Gomes.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Epigenetic effects from exposure to war and conflict. Upon the individual: decreased cortisol, mortality* and sleep quality/quantity; increased mortality, PTSD, noradrenaline**, tinnitus, immune dysfunction, Alzheimer's disease**, obesity, anxiety, depression, gastrointestinal ulcers and IBS in children exposed to war. Inherited: decreased cortisol and mortality*, and increased risk of PTSD but also resilience. Noted are genes (and the microRNA miR-125a where expression is altered) that are associated with these pathologies and may occur differentially methylated and/or expressed. *Decreased mortality, potentially as a confounding “healthy solider effect”. **Increased risk only in individuals with PTSD. IBS, irritable bowel syndrome; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder.