Table 2.
General characteristics of studies on PE and CVD risk factors.
| Sl no: | Author (Year), Country, PubMed ID (PMID) | Study design | Gene Identification Approach & Number of Genes/polymorphisms/miRNA's | Definition of PE | Maternal age, years, mean (SD) or (range) | Follow-up time after index pregnancy, mean (SD), (years) | Sample Size (N) | CVD Outcome measures | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum SBP, DBP (mm Hg) | Minimum proteinuria g/24 h, dipstick reading | Collection of PE information | Cases, N | Controls, N | |||||||
| PE diagnostic criteria based on & Year | |||||||||||
| 1) | A.S. Kvehaugen et al. (48), Norway, PMID: 24593135 |
CC | CG, SNP analysis: TaqMan-based genotyping 1 SNP from 1 gene |
140, 90 | 0.3, _ | Delivery reports: Medical Birth Registry of Norway and HUNT2 survey | PE = 41.0 (9.81), Normotensive = 41.2 (10.8) |
15.1 (8.51) | 934 | 2011 | Hypertension: SBP ≥ 140 mmHg, DBP ≥ 90 mmHg, Stage-2 hypertension: SBP ≥ 160 mmHg, DBP ≥ 100 mmHg, BMI, Serum Cholesterol, HDL-C, TC/HDL, Diabetes, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction or cerebral stroke |
| ACOG, 2002 | |||||||||||
| 2) | I.V. da Silva et al. (45), Portugal, PMID: 33652340 |
CC | CG, Genotyping by qPCR 4 SNPs from 4 genes |
140,90 | 0.3, 1+ | Medical records: Julio Diniz Maternity Hospital, Portugal | PE = 35.24 (5.47), Normotensive = 35.24 (5.47) |
2–16 | 90 | 60 | Hypertension: Grade 1 hypertension: SBP: 140–159 mmHg, DBP: 90–99 mmHg; Grade 2 hypertension: SBP: 160–179 mmHg, DBP: 100–109 mmHg; Grade 3 hypertension: SBP: ≥180, DBP: ≥110; Isolated systolic hypertension: SBP ≥140, DBP <90 Weight, Waist circumference, Hip circumference, CRP, MPO, LDL, HDL, Non-HDL Cholesterol, TC, Apo A, Apo B, Glucose |
| ISSHP, 2001 | Follow up: | ||||||||||
| 48 | 98 | ||||||||||
| 3) | C. Oudejans et al. (43), Netherlands, PMID: 26870946 |
Twin Study, CC | Epigenetic risk profiling by whole-genome bisulphite sequencing: Differential DNA methylation, Phenotypic risk assessment 107 differentially methylated regions of 22732 |
140,90 | 0.3, 2+ | Medical records: VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam | Baseline: Twin A: PE = 27, Normotensive = 25 Twin B: PE = 34, Normotensive = 32 |
Epigenetic risk assessment after pregnancy: 2; Later-life CVD phenotype assessment: Twin A: PE = 6, Normotensive = 8 Twin B: PE = 10, NT = 12 |
2 | 2 | SBP ≥ 130 mmHg, DBP ≥ 85 mmHg, BMI, Waist circumference >88 cm, Hip circumference, Cholesterol, HDL <1.29 mmol/L, LDL, Triglyceride levels ≥1.7 mmol/L, fasting glucose levels ≥5.7 mmol/L, HbA1c, NT-proBNP > 220 pg/ml, LVEF > 50%, LV mass index >122 g/m2, Diastolic function |
| ISSHP, 2001 | |||||||||||
| 4) | I. Romagnuolo et al. (44), Italy, PMID: 26827667 |
CC | CG, Polymorphism genotyping: PCR 2 SNPs from 1 gene |
140,90 | 0.3, _ | Clinical reports: Gender Medicine Clinic of the Center for Atherothrombotic Disease, Florence | Placenta-mediated Pregnancy Complications = 35 (19–49), Normotensive = 34 (22–40) |
12–25 weeks: Lp(a) levels measurement | Total Placenta-mediated Pregnancy Complications:360; PE: 154 |
270 | Lp(a) levels |
| RCOG, 2009 | |||||||||||
ACOG, american college of obstetricians and gynaecologist; Apo, apolipoprotein; BMI, body mass index; CC, case-control; CG, candidate gene study; CRP, C-reactive protein; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HUNT2, phase 2 of the Nord-Trondelag health study; ISSHP, international society for the study of hypertension in pregnancy; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; Lp(a), Lipoprotein(a); LV, left ventricular; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; miRNA, microRNA; MPO, myeloperoxidase; NT-proBNP, N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide; PE, preeclampsia; qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction; RCOG, royal college of obstetricians & gynaecologists; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.