Table 2.
In-vitro electrochemical properties of materials used in bioelectronic medicines.
| Material | Application | |Z|@1kHz (Ω cm2) | Electrolysis window (V) | CSCc (mC/cm2) | Max Qinj (mC/cm2) | Uses in bioelectronic medicines | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Platinum (Pt) and Platinum/Iridium (Pt/Ir) | Stimulation/Recording | 0.4–4.7 | −0.6–0.8 | 4.4–8.0 | 0.1–0.3 | Cochlear stimulation for deafness+, deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor+, sacral nerve stimulation for urinary and fecal incontinence+, spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain+, etc. | Rose and Robblee, 1990; de Boer et al., (1978); Negi S et al., (2010); Fan B. et al., (2021) |
| Titanium Nitride (TiN) | Stimulation/Recording | 0.3–4.8 | −0.9–0.9 | 2.5–3.0 | 0.5–0.9 | Brain-machine interfaces*, sciatic nerve stimulation and recording*, etc. | Gonzalez-Gonzalez et al., (2021); Weiland et al., (2002) |
| Sputtered Iridium oxide (SIROF) | Stimulation | 0.1–3.8 | −0.6–0.8 | 18–34 | 0.4–3.8 | Intracortical microstimulation for somatosensory perceptions*, brain-machine interfaces*. | Cogan et al., (2004); Negi S et al., (2010) |
| Activated iridium oxide (AIROF) | Stimulation | 0.1–3.8 | −0.6–0.8 | 3.0–30 | 0.3–3.8 | Cochlear stimulation for deafness+, intracortical stimulation for somatosensory perceptions+, occipital cortex stimulation for blindness+. | Beebe X et al., (1988) Cogan et al. (2004, 2006) Frederick et al., (2020) |
| Gold (Au) | Recording | 6.9–33 | −0.6–0.9 | 0.1 | 1.0–3.2 | Motor cortex brain-machine interfaces+, sciatic nerve recordings*, hippocampal recordings*, etc. | Fan et al., (2020) Gonzalez-Gonzalez et al., (2021) Kim et al., (2013) Suyatin et al., (2013) |
| PEDOT | Recording | 0.1–0.2 | −0.9–0.6 | 0.8–7.0 | 2.3–15 | Motor cortex brain-machine interfaces*, peripheral nerve recordings*. | Cogan et al., (2007a) Venkatraman et al., (2011) Hagler et al., (2022) Cui et al., (2007) |
| Graphene and Graphene oxide | Recording | 22.5–215 | −0.6–0.6 | 8.0–31 | 56–106 | Peripheral motor interfaces*, In-vitro recording, bidirectional motor cortex brain-machine interfaces*. | Chen et al., (2011) Du et al., (2015) |
All measurements are vs. Ag|AgCl. Data reported as range min – max; CSC reported at slow sweep rates ≤ 100 mV/s. + indicates clinical and preclinical uses, * indicates preclinical uses only.