Table 3.

Studies on neutrophil functions in RAS patients.

Study	Subjects	Neutrophil Functions Tested	Major Findings
			aRAS vs. Con	rRAS vs. aRAS	rRAS vs. Con
Dagalis et al., 1987 [139]	22 RAS*, 22 Con	Chemokinesis, chemotaxis to fMLP by bNeutrophils	≈	N.E.	N.E.
Sistig et al., 2001 [140]	51 aRAS, 51 rRAS, 47 Con	Chemokinesis by bNeutrophils	↓	↑	↓
		Ingestion of opsonized SRBC by bNeutrophils	↓	≈	↓
		Intracellular killing of SRBC by bNeutrophils	≈	≈	↑
		Non-phagocytic lysis of SRBC by bNeutrophils	≈	↓	↓
Lukac et al., 2003 [141]	15 aRAS, 20 Con	Ingestion of non-opsonized yeast by oNeutrophils	↓	N.E.	N.E.
		Intracellular killing of yeast by oNeutrophils	≈	N.E.	N.E.
Altinor et al., 2003 [142]	48 aRAS, 22 Con	Ingestion of non-opsonized yeast by bNeutrophils	↑	N.E.	N.E.
Kumar et al., 2010 [143]	30 aRAS, 30 Con	Ingestion of opsonized Candida by bNeutrophils	≈	N.E.	N.E.
		Ingestion of opsonized Candida by oNeutrophils	≈	N.E.	N.E.
		Intracellular killing of Candida by bNeutrophils	↓	N.E.	N.E.
		Intracellular killing of Candida by oNeutrophils	↓	N.E.	N.E.
Ueta et al., 1993 [129]	40 aRAS, 40 rRAS, 20 Con	Ingestion of non-opsonized LP by bNeutrophils	≈	≈	≈
		SOP (OZ, PMA) by bNeutrophils	↓, ↓	≈, ↑	↓, ≈
Wray et al., 1991 [144]	10 aRAS, 10 Con	SOP (resting, PMA) by bNeutrophils	≈, ≈	N.E.	N.E.
Lewkowicz et al., 2003 [145]	20 aRAS, 16 rRAS, 19 Con	SOP (resting, fMLP, OZ, PMA) by bNeutrophils	↑, ≈, ≈, ≈	≈,≈, ≈, ≈	↑, ↑, ≈, ≈

aRAS: active recurrent aphthous stomatitis; rRAS: recurrent aphthous stomatitis after remission; Con: control; fMLP: N-formyl-met-leu-phe; bNeutrophils: blood neutrophils.

oNeutrophils: oral neutrophils; SRBC: sheep red blood cell; N.E.: not examined; LP: latex particle; SOP: superoxide production; OZ: opsonized zymosan; PMA: phorbol I2-myristate 13-acetate.