Table 1.

Various hypotheses of the neurobiological model of well-being

Neurotransmitters or neuronal circuit	Description
Neurotransmitters and neurocircuitry 1) Serotonin 2) Dopamine 3) Endorphins	This neurotransmitter is often linked to mood regulation and emotional balance. Low levels of serotonin have been associated with conditions, such as depression and anxiety. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), a class of antidepressants, work by increasing serotonin levels in the brain Dopamine plays a role in reward, motivation, and pleasure. Healthy dopamine function is linked to feelings of satisfaction and contentment. Imbalances in dopamine can contribute to conditions, such as depression and addiction These natural pain-relieving compounds are associated with feelings of pleasure and euphoria. Physical activity, laughter, and positive social interactions can trigger endorphin release
Stress response and cortisol	The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is a crucial part of the body’s stress response. Chronic stress and elevated levels of cortisol, the primary stress hormone, can have detrimental effects on mental well-being. Effective stress management is important for maintaining mental health
Prefrontal cortex and emotional regulation	The prefrontal cortex, especially the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, is involved in executive functions, such as decision-making, impulse control, and emotional regulation. A well-functioning prefrontal cortex contributes to effective coping strategies and emotional resilience
Limbic system and emotion processing	The limbic system, including structures, such as the amygdala and hippocampus, plays a key role in processing emotions and forming memories. A balanced and healthy limbic system contributes to stable emotional states and adaptive responses to stressors
Default mode network (DMN)	The DMN is a network of brain regions that becomes active when the mind is at rest or engaged in introspective thinking. It is associated with self-referential thoughts, mind wandering, and aspects of mental well-being, such as self-awareness and self-reflection.
Neuroplasticity and resilience	Neuroplasticity refers to the brain’s ability to adapt and rewire itself in response to experiences and learning. Positive experiences, mindfulness practices, and social connections can promote neuroplasticity and enhance resilience to stress and adversity.