Table 3.

Determinants of mental health and well-being[23,24,25,26,27,28,29]

Determinants	Examples	Description
Individual factors	Intelligence	Higher cognitive abilities can contribute to better problem-solving skills and coping mechanisms
	Easy temperament	Individuals with appositive disposition and adaptability tend to have higher mental Well-being
	Resilience	The ability to bounce back from adversity and cope with stressors positively
	Interpersonal relationships	Healthy and meaningful connections with others, including family, friends, and peers
	Self-esteem	A positive self-perception and confidence in one’s abilities
Social factors	Social capital	Resources are available through social networks, community participation, and support systems
	Social support	Having a strong network of supportive relationships and social connections
	Community participation	Engaging in activities and contributing to the community, fostering a sense of belonging
Economic factors	Income	Higher-income levels are associated with better mental health outcomes, as financial stability can reduce stress
	Employment	Meaningful and secure employment provides a sense of purpose and financial security
	Poverty	Living in poverty increases the risk of mental health problems due to limited access to resources and opportunities
Education	Level of education	Higher levels of education are often linked to better mental health outcomes
	Access to quality education	Adequate educational opportunities and resources contribute to positive mental development
Physical health	Physical well-being	Good physical health, including regular exercise, healthy diet, and sufficient sleep Supports mental well-being
	Access to health care	Adequate access to healthcare services and preventive care contributes to better mental health outcomes
Housing	Housing quality	Safe, secure, and suitable housing conditions positively impact mental well-being
	Stability	Having stable housing and a sense of belonging in one’s living environment.
Family and relationships	Positive family dynamics	Supportive, loving, and nurturing family relationships foster mental health
	Support networks	Strong social support systems beyond the family units, such as friends and community groups
	Supportive adults	Having caring and supportive adults in one’s life, such as parents or mentors, can provide emotional stability and guidance
Life events	Positive life events	Joyful experiences and significant achievements contribute to positive mental well-being
	Coping mechanisms	The ability to effectively cope with stressful life events and adapt to changes
Culture and identity	Cultural norms	Cultural values, beliefs, and practices that support mental health and well-being
	Sense of belonging	Feeling connected to one’s culture, community, and identity promotes mental well-being
Access to resources	Access to mental health services	Availability and affordability of mental health support and treatment options
	Social support systems	Access to networks and resources that provide assistance during challenging times
Environment	Urban design	Well-designed cities and neighborhoods that promote physical activity, community engagement, and access to nature
	Green spaces	Access to parks and natural environments that contribute to stress reduction and improved mental health
	Community infrastructure	Availability of community centers, recreational facilities, and amenities that foster social connections
Lifestyle factors	Diet	A balanced and nutritious diet contributes to overall mental and physical well-being
	Exercise	Regular physical activity is associated with improved mental health and mood
	Substance use	Associated with poor mental health and well-being
	Sleep patterns	Sufficient and quality sleep is crucial for mental and emotional balance
Stigma and discrimination	Reduction in stigma	Challenging and reducing societal stigmatization around mental health issues
	Promotion of inclusivity	Creating an inclusive and accepting society that embraces diversity