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. 2024 Feb 2;16(3):3021–3042. doi: 10.18632/aging.205507

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Copyright: © 2024 Sun et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Estrogen-related signaling pathways. Abbreviations: E2: estradiol; AC: adenylate cyclase 1; ER: estrogen receptor; mGluR1a: metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 1a; cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate; PKA: protein kinase A; MEK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK1/2: extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; Gs: guanine nucleotide-binding proteins; GPER: G protein-coupled estrogen receptor; PKCδ: protein kinase C delta; DAG: diacylglycerol; PLC: Portland Limestone Cement; IP3: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate; IP3R: IP3 receptor; CAM: crassulacean acid metabolism; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; c-Src: cellular Src; pCREB: phosphorylated cyclic AMP response element binding; CoA: nuclear receptor coactivator.