| Age, years |
54.7 ± 11.0 |
56.2 ± 10.2 |
53.7 ± 11.6 |
| BMI, kg m−2
|
24.5 ± 3.8 |
25.5 ± 4.5 |
23.3 ± 2.5 |
| Waist circumference, cm |
86.7 ± 11.3 |
85.8 ± 13.6 |
87.1 ± 8.4 |
| % body fat |
26.2 ± 10.2 |
34.4 ± 6.7d
|
17.9 ± 5.7 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg |
112.4 ± 10.7 |
110.4 ± 13.3 |
114.1 ± 7.0 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg |
75.1 ± 7.4 |
74.4 ± 8.6 |
75.8 ± 6.0 |
| Plasma glucosea, mmol L−1
|
5.1 (0.5) |
5.1 (0.5) |
5.2 (0.5) |
| Serum total cholesterol, mmol L−1
|
5.3 ± 0.9 |
5.4 ± 0.9 |
5.1 ± 0.9 |
| Serum LDL cholesterol, mmol L−1
|
3.2 ± 0.8 |
3.2 ± 0.7 |
3.2 ± 0.9 |
| Serum HDL cholesterol, mmol L−1
|
1.8 ± 0.5 |
1.9 ± 0.5 |
1.8 ± 0.4 |
| Serum triacylglycerola, mmol L−1
|
0.8 (0.4) |
0.8 (0.5) |
0.9 (0.4) |
| Total: HDL cholesterol |
3.0 ± 0.8 |
3.0 ± 0.8 |
3.1 ± 0.9 |
| Habitual energy/macronutrient intake |
|
|
|
| Energya, MJ |
7.6 (2.1) |
6.8 (1.8)d
|
8.3 (2.2) |
| Fibrea (AOAC), g |
22.7 (8.7) |
22.7 (8.7) |
22.8 (9.0) |
| Carbohydratea, g |
197.8 (61.7) |
179.2 (50.4)d
|
216.4 (68.7) |
| Carbohydratea, % energy |
44.6 (8.8) |
45.3 (9.8) |
43.9 (8.1) |
| Free sugarsa, % energy |
5.3 (4.1) |
4.9 (4.0) |
5.6 (4.3) |
| Fata, g |
72.3 (30.1) |
65.8 (33.1) |
78.7 (26.8) |
| Fata, % energy |
35.2 (8.1) |
35.4 (9.7) |
35.1 (6.5) |
| Saturated fatty acidsa, % energy |
11.1 (3.5) |
10.9 (3.9) |
11.4 (3.3) |
| Proteina, g |
77.7 (25.5) |
68.8 (17.6)d
|
86.7 (29.8) |
| Proteina, % energy |
17.2 (3.0) |
17.1 (2.9) |
17.4 (3.3) |
