Postprandial flow-mediated dilatation, brachial artery diameters, and NADPH oxidase activity following an interesterified (IE) spread, non-IE spread (non-IE), spreadable butter (SB), and a reference rapeseed oil (RO).
| Test meal | Baseline | 4.5 h (4 h for NADPH oxidase) | 7.5 h (7 h for NADPH oxidase) | Treatment effect | Time effect | Treatment × time effect | Sex effect | Treatment × sex effect | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FMDa, % | RO | 4.55 (4.33, 4.79) | 4.52 (3.86, 5.30) | 4.75 (4.16, 5.43) | 0.175 | 0.728 | 0.361 | 0.182 | 1.00 |
| IE | 4.68 (4.50, 4.87) | 5.30 (4.63, 6.07) | 5.01 (4.33, 5.80) | ||||||
| Non-IE | 4.70 (4.52, 4.88) | 4.89 (4.21, 5.70) | 4.06 (3.52, 4.68) | ||||||
| SB | 4.71 (4.54, 4.89) | 4.58 (3.98, 5.28) | 4.55 (3.96, 5.22) | ||||||
| Pre-occlusion brachial artery diameter, mm | RO | 3.80 (3.66, 3.95) | 3.83 (3.77, 3.88) | 3.84 (3.79, 3.90) | 0.539 | 0.362 | 0.844 | 0.034 | 0.722 |
| IE | 3.83 (3.72, 3.93) | 3.79 (3.73, 3.84) | 3.81 (3.76, 3.87) | ||||||
| Non-IE | 3.80 (3.69, 3.91) | 3.79 (3.74, 3.85) | 3.83 (3.77, 3.90) | ||||||
| SB | 3.77 (3.68, 3.87) | 3.84 (3.79, 3.90) | 3.83 (3.76, 3.90) | ||||||
| Peak brachial artery diameter, mm | RO | 3.99 (3.86, 4.14) | 4.08 (3.94, 4.22) | 4.03 (3.96, 4.11) | 0.524 | 0.808 | 0.772 | 0.014 | 0.964 |
| IE | 4.01 (3.87, 4.15) | 4.01 (3.95, 4.07) | 4.04 (3.97, 4.10) | ||||||
| Non-IE | 4.00 (3.86, 4.14) | 4.00 (3.94, 4.06) | 4.00 (3.94, 4.07) | ||||||
| SB | 3.97 (3.83, 4.12) | 4.03 (3.97, 4.09) | 4.01 (3.94, 4.09) | ||||||
| NADPH oxidase activity indexb,c | RO | 514.8 (435.1, 601.3) | 287.2 (237.0, 342.2) | 249.8 (205.8, 298.1) | 0.052 | 0.024 | 0.897 | 0.286 | 0.242 |
| IE | 435.8 (352.9, 527.3) | 306.5 (242.8, 377.6) | 279.9 (217.4, 350.3) | ||||||
| Non-IE | 488.3 (400.8, 584.4) | 345.4 (291.1, 404.4) | 309.1 (266.7, 354.6) | ||||||
| SB | 525.0 (444.5, 612.1) | 305.8 (242.2, 376.9) | 242.7 (195.4, 295.1) |
a
Geometric means with 95% CI. There were no significant differences between treatment arms at baseline. Postprandial data (4.5 h and 7.5 h) analysed on an intention-to-treat basis using a linear mixed model (fixed factors treatment, sex, period, treatment × sex, treatment × period; baseline as covariate; participant ID as a random factor).
b
Data square root transformed before analysis by linear mixed model.
c
Reduced sample size due to technical failure during analysis or sample loss, n = 41.