Loss of normal behavior |
Decreased ambulation or activity, lethargic attitude, decreased appetite, decreased grooming (cats). Harder to assess in the hospital. |
Expression of abnormal behaviors |
Inappropriate elimination, vocalization, aggression or decreased interaction with other pets or family members, altered facial expression, altered posture, restlessness, hiding (especially in cats). |
Reaction to touch |
Increased body tension or flinching in response to gentle palpation of injured area and palpation of regions likely to be painful, eg, neck, back, hips, elbows (cats). |
Physiologic parameters |
Elevations in heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, and blood pressure; pupil dilation. |