Table 2.
Blood and Tissue based Protein and Antibody Biomarkers in OV-CCA
| Biomarkers | Study based | Potential clinical Use | Detection techniques | "Expression /localization" | Test accuracy indices | Ref. author | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Only markers are labelled as M | Diag. | Prog. | Pred. | Sensitivity | Specificity | Accuracy | ||||
| Serum/Plasma/ Tissues | ||||||||||
| Rhophilin associated tail protein1- like (OvROPN1L) GenBank: KJ7 19301 | Humans (Ov infected) and hamsters | √ | ELISA (Synthetic peptide P1) peptide P1 absorbance value O. viverrini- infected sera (P<0.0001) | High antigenicity (based on absorbance) serum | Low (No quantit ative value mentio ned) | High (No quantitative value mentioned) | - | (Geadkaew-Krenc et al., 2020) | ||
| Anti-Heat Shock Protein 90α, | Humans and hamsters | √ | √ | ELISA | High antigenicity Serum | 76.2% | 71.4% | 75.5 % | (Rucksaken et al., 2014; Boonjaras pinyo et al., 2015) | |
| Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Alpha (PDGFA) | Humans and hamsters | √ | √ | qPCR, IHC | Higher Serum | - | - | - | (Boonjaras pinyoet al., 2012) | |
| CCA- associated carbohydrate antigen (CCA- CA) (S121 (mAb) against glycan epitope on MUC5AC) M | Humans | √ | √ | Immunohistochemistry | Higher Serum Tissue | 87.6% | 89.6% | - | (Sawanyawisuth et al., 2012) (Wongkham et al., 2003) | |
| Checkpoint kinase1 (Chk1) | Humans | √ | Indirect ELISA | Higher Plasma | 59.38 % | 85.71 % | 71.67 % | (Phanaksri et al., 2022a) | ||
| PTP alpha and fibronectin | Humans and hamsters | √ | LC-MS/MS, WB and IHC | Higher Plasma | - | - | - | (Khoontawad et al., 2012) | ||
| Phosphatidylinositol 4,5- bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform (PIK3CB) | Humans | √ | √ | (LC-MS/MS) indirect ELISA | Higher Plasma | 76% | 72% | (Prasopdee et al., 2022b) | ||
| YKL- 40/chitinase- 3-like protein 1 | Humans | √ | ELISA IHC | Higher Serum Tissues | - | - | (Thongsom et al., 2016) | |||
| S100 calcium binding protein | Humans | √ | √ | ELISA | Higher Serum Tissue | 71.4% | 71.7% | (Wu et al., 2016) | ||
| Plasma hydroxyproline, Collagen I, MMP-7 and HYP | Humans | √ | √ | ELISA and zymography | Higher plasma | Collagen 73.1% MMP- 75.8 % HYP 78.5% | 77.6 % 72.5 % 74.9 % | (Prakobwong et al., 2012) | ||
| Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (PIGR) | Humans | √ | √ | LC-MS/MS and sandwich ELISA | Higher Plasma | 78% | 71% | 73% | (Prasopdee et al., 2022a) | |
| IL-6 (Intereukin-6) | Humans and hamsters | √ | ELISA | Plasma | 80 % | 90% | 89% | (Sripa et al., 2012) | ||
| oxidized alpha-1 antitrypsin (ox-A1AT) M | Humans | √ | ELISA | serum | 100% healthy vs. O. viverrini- infection (Predic tive) | 90% healthy vs. O. viverrini- infecti on (Predic tive) | - | (Jamnongkan et al., 2013) | ||
| Orm2 and KIF18A | Hamsters | √ | LC-MS/MS, WB, IHC | Plasma and Tissue | - | - | - | (Rucksaken et al., 2012) | ||
| Exostosin 1 | Hamsters | √ | PAGE/LCMS- MS | Plasma and Tissue | 91.7% | 50% | - | (Khoontawad et al., 2014) | ||
| IgG antibodies for Ov-positive CCA M | Humans | √ | ELISA | Serum and tissues | 99.2% | 93 % | - | (Titapun et al., 2020) (Tesana et al., 2007) | ||
| 14-3-3 eta (risk assessment marker in endemic areas) | Humans and Hamsters | √ | Tissue microarrays (TMAs) and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) | Tissues | - | - | - | (Haononet al., 2016) | ||
| Annexin (ANXA1 and 2) | Humans and Hamsters | √ | Tissue Microarray (TMA) and Immunohistoc hemistry (IHC) | Tissues and Cell lines | - | - | - | (Yonglitthipagon et al., 2010; Hongsrichan et al., 2013) | ||
| Opisthorchis viverrini granulin 1 (Ov-GRN-1) | Hamsters | √ | Immunohistochemistry,immunoassay, RT-PCR | Tissues | - | - | - | (Upontain et al., 2018) | ||
| Plasma checkpoint protein 1 (Chk1) | Humans | √ | LC-MS/MS ELISA | Plasma | 59.38 % | 85.71 % | - | (Phanaksri et al., 2022b) | ||
Abbreviations:, PIK3CB, Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta; Chk1, Checkpoint kinase 1; YKL-40, Chitinase-3-like protein 1; CSC markers, Cancer stem cell markers; PDGFA, Platelet-derived growth factor subunit A; KLK11, Kallikrein-11; CD44v9, CD44 variant 9; IL-6, Interleukin 6; Anti-Hsp90α, Antibodies against Heat shock protein 90 kDa alpha; ANXA1 and ANXA2, Annexin A1 and Annexin A2; ox-A1AT, Oxidized alpha-1-antitrypsin; Exostosin 1, Exostosin glycosyltransferase 1; Rhophilin associated tail protein, Rhophilin associated tail protein 1 Plasma hydroxyproline, Collagen I, MMP-7, and HYP: Plasma hydroxyproline, Collagen type I, Matrix metallopeptidase 7, Hydroxyproline; Anti-Hsp, Antibodies against Heat shock proteins; IgG antibody for (Ov + CCA), Immunoglobulin G antibody against Opisthorchis viverrini and cholangiocarcinoma; 14-3-3 eta, 14-3-3 protein eta 1 Orm2; KIF18A, Orosomucoid 2 and Kinesin family member 18A PTP alpha; fibronectin, Protein tyrosine phosphatase alpha and fibronectin; PIGR, Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor; TLS, Translocated in liposarcoma; VSX2, Visual system homeobox 2 beta; S100, S100 calcium-binding protein; MUC5AC, Mucin-5AC