TABLE 3.

24-h urinary choline metabolite concentrations for the control and intervention groups at each visit¹

Variables	Visit 1 (gestation week 12–16)			Visit 2 (gestation week 20–24)			Visit 3 (gestation week 28–32)
	Control	Intervention	p-Value	Control	Intervention	p-Value	Control	Intervention	p-Value
Total2 concentrations (mg/g creatinine)
Choline	9.2a [7.36, 11.5]	8.6a [6.69, 11.1]	.61	15.3b [11.9, 19.8]	20.5b [15.7, 26.8]	.11	24.5c [18.3, 32.9]	35.0c [24.8, 49.4]	.09
Betaine	22.9 [16.7, 31.5]	15.7 [13.2, 18.7]	.08	22.4 [16.6, 30.4]	17.1 [13.9, 20.9]	.21	28.4 [20.2, 40.0]	18.6 [15.8, 21.9]	.10
Dimethylglycine	5.35 [3.61, 7.94]	6.03a [4.23, 8.58]	.49	5.58 [3.96, 7.87]	8.74b [6.92, 11.0]	.007	6.78 [4.76, 9.66]	9.61b [7.31, 12.6]	.04
Methionine	4.99 [4.36, 5.71]	4.90 [4.32, 5.55]	.87	5.18 [4.43, 6.07]	5.27 [4.40, 6.31]	.96	5.88 [4.88, 7.08]	4.94 [4.38, 5.56]	.15
Trimethylamine N-oxide	33.7 [25.0, 45.5]	30.2a [24.9, 36.7]	.82	36.8 [25.9, 52.4]	57.6b [43.3, 76.6]	.02	28.9 [22.7, 37.0]	81.0b [58.5, 112]	<.0001

¹Values are Mean [95% CI]. The intervention group (n = 15) received 550 mg of choline from choline chloride (500 mg unlabeled choline + 50 mg deuterium-labeled d9-choline), while the control group (n = 15) received 25 mg of d9-choline only. Repeated measures mixed models with random intercepts and slopes and heterogenous autoregressive covariance structures were employed followed by the Tukey-Kramer post-hoc test. A time × intervention interaction term was used to obtain p-value for the intervention effect at each time point. Superscript letters within a row indicate significant difference (p < .05) among visits within each group.

²Total refers to the sum of the labeled and unlabeled metabolites.