TABLE 4.

Placental and newborn cord plasma choline metabolite concentrations for the control and intervention groups¹

Variables	Placenta			Newborn cord plasma
	Control, n = 15	Intervention, n = 13	p-Value	Control, n = 15	Intervention, n = 12	p-Value
Total2 concentrations	(nmol/g)			(μmol/L)
Choline	1888 [606, 2170]	1796 [1593, 1999]	.57	48.4 [35.6, 61.3]	67.5 [25.3, 110]	.36
Betaine	35.8 [30.3, 41.4]	48.8 [42.6, 55.0]	.002	24.4 [22.4, 26.5]	31.4 [28.4, 34.5]	.0005
Dimethylglycine	2.20 [2.03, 2.37]	2.85 [2.17, 3.54]	.06	2.09 [1.75, 2.42]	2.82 [1.97, 3.67]	.10
Methionine	–	–	–	41.2 [37.4, 45.0]	40.5 [36.1, 44.9]	.80
Trimethylamine N-oxide	1.41 [0.97, 1.86]	5.09 [2.62, 7.57]	.01	1.70 [1.15, 2.26]	4.83 [1.99, 7.67]	.04
Phosphatidylcholine	15315 [14261, 16370]	15014 [14094, 15935]	.65	989 [875, 1103]	1045 [779, 1311]	.68
Sphingomyelin	2776 [2616, 2936]	2851 [2671, 3030]	.51	266 [234, 298]	261 [212, 311]	.87
Acetylcholine	90.1 [72.6, 108]	105 [86.4, 123]	.23	–	–	–
LysoPC	760 [733, 788]	766 [720, 812]	.83	175 [148, 202]	188 [123, 253]	.68

¹Values are Mean [95% CI]. The intervention group received 550 mg of choline from choline chloride (500 mg unlabeled choline + 50 mg deuterium-labeled d9-choline), while the control group received 25 mg of d9-choline only. For each compartment, unequal variance T-test was used to compare between groups with cut-off p values of <.05.

²Total refers to the sum of the labeled and unlabeled metabolites.