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. 2023 Nov 2;45(2):281–308. doi: 10.1210/endrev/bnad032

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© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Endocrine Society.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 2. — COVID-19 and the liver. (A) Mechanisms by which COVID-19 might cause or worsen hepatic steatosis. (B) Mechanisms by which COVID-19 might increase hepatic endogenous glucose production. Abbreviations: CA, catecholamines; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; FFA, free fatty acids; GLU, glucose; GP73, Golgi protein 73; IHTG, intrahepatic triglyceride; INS/IGF, insulin/insulin-like growth factor; IRF-1, interferon regulatory factor 1; OAA, oxaloacetate; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; PEPCK, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; PYR, pyruvate; ROS, reactive oxygen species.