Table 4.

Comparison between various nanohybrids for photothermal therapy of cancer.

Nanohybrid	Size and morphology	Cell line used	Animal used and treatment condition	Laser (Power, Time); Photothermal conversion efficiency (%)	Outcomes	References
COS7-PCL-ICG, 4T1-PCL-ICG, and B16-PCL-ICG	130-135 nm, spherical	Mouse melanoma (B16F10), breast cancer (4T1), and normal (COS-7)	U87MG intracranial orthotropic glioblastoma mice, 8-hour post-injection mice subjected to laser.	808 nm (1W/cm2, 5 minute)	A higher degree of apoptosis was observed in B16 cell membrane camouflaged PCL-ICG NPs compared to 4T1 and normal cell camouflaged PCL-ICG NPs. TThese camouflaging NPs with metastatic tumor cell membrane showed promising BBB penetration and hence can be used for precise therapy of brain tumors.	97
AuNRs/MoS2-ICG Nanocomposite	103 nm, the AuNRs were randomly deposited onto the surface of the pegylated MoS2 nanosheet	Human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVEC) and cervical cancer (HeLa)	Mice aged 4-5 weeks were injected with HeLa tumor in the armpit, after that 4-hour post-injection of nanocomposite mice subjected to continuous wave laser.	808 nm (0.2 W/cm2, 5 minute); 68.8%	The continuous wave single low power laser triggered simultaneous PDT and synergistic PPTT effects of AuNRs/MoS2-ICG nanohybrid, which demonstrated a safer treatment approach and was found promising for clinical translation.	104
Au@MgFe3O4 Nanohybrids	42±7 nm, core (Au) - shell (MgFe3O4) flowerlike structure	Human hepatoma (HepG2)	Flanks of nude mice with HepG2 cells were injected, and nanohybrids were injected once the solid tumor volume reached 100 mm3.	808 nm (0.5 W/cm2, 10 minute)	The intra-tumoral administration of the nanohybrid, and laser irradiation, successfully regressed in-vivo tumor growth.	108
AuNR-ICG@rGO-DOX Nanohybrids	Width ~60 nm and length ~90 nm, core-shell structure.	Human colon cancer (HT-29)	Male balb/c mice aged 5 weeks were subcutaneously injected with HT-29, and then nanohybrids were injected once the solid tumor volume reached 100 mm3.	808 nm (2 W/cm2, 5-minute)	This multifunctional nanohybrid demonstrated combined catalytic, and chemotherapeutic effects followed by photothermal ablation of tumor growth with minimal side effects on healthy tissues.	12
CeVO4/Ag Nanocomposite	127 nm, spherical	Mouse fibroblast (L929) and cervical cancer (HeLa)	6-week-old balb/c mice were injected subcutaneously with H22 cells into the left axilla, followed by nanocomposite injection once the solid tumor volume reached 100 mm3.	808 nm (0.7 W/cm2, 5 minute); 23.48%	CeVO4/Ag showed almost no tumor growth after NIR-triggered PTT/PDT. Histology analysis of major organs showed no noticeable abnormalities or injuries.	109
GNR@Cu2-xSe nanohybrid	74.7 nm length, 44.1 nm width, and 8.6 nm thickness with core-shell type heterostructure	Normal liver cells (L-02), and breast cancer (MDA-MB-231)	Female nude mice aged 4 weeks were injected subcutaneously with MDA-MB-231 cells; afterward, the nanocomposites were injected once the solid tumor volume reached 150 mm3.	1064 nm (1.0 W/cm2, 5 minute); 58-85%	The nanohybrids were found haemocompatible. The temperature rose to 63.6 °C when structures were prepared with CTAB. After the intratumoral administration, these heterostructured nanohybrids stayed longer in the tumor site, resulting in photothermal ablation of the tumor.	106
Iron Oxide Nanoflowers@CuS nanohybrids	120.4±7.3 nm, core-shell assembly	Human prostate adenocarcinoma (PC3)	Immunodeficient nude NMRI female mice (without thymus) aged 9 weeks were injected with PC3 cells in the right and left flanks, then the nanocomposites were injected once the solid tumor volume reached 125 mm3.	1064 nm (1.0 W/cm2, 10 minutes); 42±6%	Complete tumor regression was achieved for PTT mode compared to MHT (magnetic hyperthermia). This tri-therapeutic strategy enables serial heating cycles leading to lower laser power, reduce in dose of nanoparticle, photoacoustic agents hold promise for clinical translation.	107
Paclitaxel/Palladium pthalocyanine@Hollow Silica polymer Nanohybrid (Pax/Pdpc@HPSN)	Diameter of 21 nm, spherical	HeLa	6-week-old female nude mice with S180 murine sarcoma were injected into the right axilla, and then the nanohybrids were injected once the tumor length reached 70-90 mm.	730 nm (1.9 W/cm2)	Tumors are recured if treated alone with PTT treatment. However, it was eradicated when chemotherapy was combined with PTT.	110
Pd@Pt-PEG nanocomposite	Pt shell on Pd nanocube	Murine osteosarcoma (LM8)	6-week-old balb/c female mice were injected with LM8 cells and treated with the nanocomposite once the tumor volume reached 100 mm3.	808 nm (1W/cm2, 5 minute); 74.5%	The use of PTT alone had no anti-tumor effect. The combination (PTT/PDT) was successful.	111
CuS-89Zr-Mesoporous silica nanoshells construct	~ 160 nm in diameter, spherical	4T1	4T1 tumors were injected into the front or hind flanks of balb/c female mice and treated with the nanoconstruct once the tumor volume reached 100 mm3.	980 nm (4 W/cm2, 10 minutes)	A rapid, complete elimination of the tumor without any side effects or recurrence was observed during the in-vivo study.	100
Cu/C quantum dots-crosslinked Nanosheets (CuCD NSs)	20-30 nm, spherical	Breast cancer (MCF-7)	Mice with subcutaneous C6 cancer xenografts were used. Hybrids infused in mice were mediated by lysosomal capture after 4 hours of preconditioning with PEG-modified CuCD NS with varying Cu concentrations.	808 nm (2 W/cm2, 10 minutes); 41.3%	Upon irradiation, the viability of MCF-7 cells decreased with increasing concentration of PEG-modified CuCD NSs. Laser enhanced the rate of early apoptosis from 5.28 to 80.77%. The PTT effect was enhanced due to laser-triggered cytosolic/nuclear delivery of CuCD NSs.	112
Spiky silver-Iron Oxide Nanohybrid (AgIONPs)	165.3±0.2 nm (hydrodynamic diameter), spherical nanoclusters	Human glioblastoma (U87MG)	10-week-old balb/c mice were subcutaneously injected with U-87 MG cells into the right flank, after that, nanohybrids were injected once the solid tumor volume reached 100-150 mm3.	808 nm (0.5-2 W/cm2, 5 minutes); 21.4%	The nanohybrids were further made target-specific by folic acid conjugation and a significant reduction in the tumor mass was reported after intravenous injection. Even without irradiation, AgIONPs induced death in cancer cells.	113
Ti3C2@TiO2-x Nanohybrid	~ 10 nm in diameter, heterostructure	Human embryonic kidney (HEK293T), and 4T1	balb/c mice bearing 4T1 tumors treated with nanohybrids and 4-hour post-injection subjected to the laser.	NIR-II: 1064 nm (0.8 W/cm2,10 minutes); 35.8% and Ultrasound (US): 1W/cm2, 5 minutes	The engineered nanohybrid reported complete tumor ablation owing to their light-triggered PCE and US-stimulated enhanced sonodynamic ROS generation.	114