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. 2024 Feb 25;8(2):247–269. doi: 10.7150/ntno.91910

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Immune responses elicited by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines. (A) After vaccination, antigen presenting cell activate the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. CD8+ T cells directly kill the infected cells while CD4+ T cells activate the B cells for the formation of long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) and memory B Cells (MBCs) inside the germinal center. The macrophages phagocytize and digest the infected cells as well as antigen-antibody complex. (B) The interaction of CD147 and spike was detected by SPR assay, ELISA, immune-electron microscope, and Co-IP assay. The mouse IgG and rabbit IgG were served as negative controls; adopted from ref. 117 (C) SARS-CoV-2 enters the host cells through CD147-mediated endocytosis and the sequential endocytosis of SARS-CoV-2 was observed in Vero E6 cells by electron microscope. And the co-localization of spike protein, CD147, and Rab5 were analysed in BHK-21-CD147 cells and lung tissues; adopted from ref. 117.