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. 2023 Aug 9;40(3):350–362. doi: 10.1007/s12264-023-01089-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Circuit mechanisms underlying the effects of light treatment. A Bright light treatment (LT) in the daytime induces antidepressant effects through the M4 ipRGC→vLGN/IGL→LHb pathway (orange), while light at night (LAN) increases depressive-like behaviors through the M1 ipRGC→pHb→NAc pathway (blue). B LT promotes spatial memory through the M4 ipRGC→vLGN/IGL→Re pathway (orange), while a fast ultradian light cycle (T7, 3.5 h light, and 3.5 h dark) impairs memory (blue) through the M1 ipRGC→SCN pathway. (C) LT exerts antinociceptive effects through the M4 ipRGC→vLGN/IGL→v/lPAG pathway, while green light treatment (GLT) has antinociceptive effects through the cRGC→vLGN→DRN pathway and V2M→ACC pathway. RGC, retinal ganglion cell; vLGN/IGL, ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and intergeniculate leaflet; PHb, perihabenular nucleus; LHb, lateral habenula; NAc, nucleus accumbens; SCN, suprachiasmatic nucleus; Re, reunions nucleus; v/lPAG, lateral and ventral lateral periaqueductal gray; DRN, dorsal raphe; V2M, the secondary visual cortex; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex.