Table 2.

Competencies required to prevent/deal with problematic social media situations, as identified by an expert panel.

Competency	Median	Mean	Mode	Std	Agreement % ≥ 5	Agreement % ≥ 6	Agreement % = 7	Z-Score
Knowing whom to contact when exposed to cyberbullying, harassment, or sexual harassment	7	6.73	7	0.55	100	95	77	1.33
Ability to act responsibly and without offending others on social media	7	6.59	7	0.80	95	91	73	1.04
Ability to act empathetically and with respect for others on social media	7	6.59	7	0.80	95	91	73	1.04
Ability to assess the trustworthiness of a previously unknown online friend	7	6.55	7	0.74	95	95	64	0.94
Knowing what kinds of activity are prohibited (identity theft, sexual harassment, dissemination of information, defamation)	7	6.55	7	0.91	91	91	73	0.94
Ability to ask for help from a trusted adult if necessary	7	6.50	7	0.74	100	86	64	0.84
Ability to assess what contents are suitable for publication or sharing	7	6.50	7	0.80	95	91	64	0.84
Ability to protect personal privacy (e.g., passwords and profile privacy settings)	7	6.50	7	0.74	100	86	64	0.84
Ability to manage time spent on social media	7	6.41	7	0.96	95	91	59	0.65
Ability to assess the trustworthiness of published information	7	6.41	7	0.73	100	86	55	0.65
Knowing where to report inappropriate material	7	6.36	7	0.85	95	86	55	0.55
Ability to identify, process, express, and regulate emotions on social media	6	6.32	7	0.78	100	82	50	0.46
Ability to compare information published in different data sources	6	6.14	7	0.83	100	73	41	0.07
Having knowledge and skills on how to apply security practices to protect privacy (one’s own and that of others)	6	5.86	7	1.25	86	59	45	− 0.51
Knowing one’s own rights (e.g., right to information, privacy, and freedom of expression)	6	6.09	6	0.87	95	77	36	− 0.03
Ability to explain how social media affect one’s self-image and self-esteem	6	5.95	6	1.13	95	77	32	− 0.32
Ability to evaluate the credibility of social media posts; knowing that information given on social media is not the whole truth about the publisher's life	6	5.95	6	0.90	95	68	32	− 0.32
Ability to identify problematic social media situations in one’s daily life	6	5.73	6	1.16	91	68	23	− 0.81
Ability to assess one's own behavior and that of others on social media	6	5.73	6	0.83	91	68	14	− 0.81
Ability to explain how social media use can affect one’s health	6	5.55	6	1.10	82	59	18	− 1.19
Ability to assess the distribution and persistence of one’s own publications (digital footprint)	6	5.77	5	0.97	91	59	27	− 0.71
Knowing matters related to the privacy, publicity, and ownership of apps and sites	5	5.27	6	1.35	77	50	18	− 1.78
Ability to give examples of possible social media problems	5	5.24	5	0.94	81	29	14	− 1.85
Ability to explain the means of influencing used by commercial operators on social media (marketing, influencing)	5	5.23	5	0.97	77	32	14	− 1.87