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. 2024 Mar 4;14:5320. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-54480-4

Table 2.

Membrane-based metal threads analytical results.

Museum’s assignment Sample Wrapped strip Strip thickness (µm) Gilt-silver leaf coating Strip Substrate
Manufacture Date Strip Twist Plant fiber core color Core Twist/yarns Ag:Au ratio (wt%) Membrane species Assumed Binder/Adhesive
Spain 12th-13th c 6372 S Ecru S/2-ply 30–35 n.a Cattle
13th c 1902-1-240_1 S White S/2-ply n.a n.a Cattle
1902-1-240_2 15–25 14:1 n.a
1902-1-241a_2 S Ecru S/2-ply 10–20 14:1 n.a
1902-1-241a_3 n.a n.a Cattle
1902-1-253a_1 S Ecru S/2-ply n.a 3:1 Cattle
1902-1-253a_2 15–25 n.a Cattle Not-protein based
Italy 13th c 1902-1-227_1 S/ S and Z Ecru S/2-ply 10–15 n.a Cattle
1902-1-227_2 n.a 36:1 n.a
14th c 1902-1-250_1 S Ecru S/2-ply n.a n.a Cattle
1902-1-250_2 10–15 14.5:1 Cattle
1902-1-257b_1 S Ecru S/2-ply n.a 15.5:1 Cattle
1902-1-257d_2 S Ecru S/2-ply n.a 10.5:1 Cattle
1902-1-257d_3 15–30 n.a Cattle
1902-1-279_1 S Ecru S/2-ply 10–20 4:1 Cattle
1902-1-279_2 20–30 n.a Cattle
1902-1-329a_1 S Ecru S/2-ply 5–15 10:1 Cattle Sheep hide glue*
1902-1-329a_2 5–10 10:1 Cattle Sheep hide glue*
1938-84-1_1 S Ecru S/2-ply n.a no Au Cattle
1938-84-1_2 5–15 n.a Cattle
81.01.01bis S Ecru S/2-ply 20–45 n.a. Cattle
D13e S Ecru S/2-ply n.a 4:1 Cattle
D10 S White S/2-ply n.a 4:1 Cattle
D11 S Ecru S/2-ply n.a 8.5:1 Cattle
P7i S Ecru S/2-ply n.a 4:1 Cattle
P7k S Ecru S/2-ply n.a 6:1 Cattle
P10 S Ecru S/2-ply n.a no Au Cattle
P11 S Ecru S/ 2-ply n.a 5:1 Cattle
II161 S White S/2-ply 30–35 n.a Cattle
14th-15th c 1902-1-274a S Ecru S/2-ply 20–40 4:1 Cattle Sheep hide glue*
1902-1-274b S Ecru S/2-ply 5–10 3:1 Cattle Sheep collagen glue
5798 S Ecru S/2-ply

10–20 (inner)

20–65 (outer)

n.a Cattle
15th c P7l S Ecru S/2-ply n.a 1.5:1 Cattle
P9 S Ecru S/2-ply n.a 8:1 Cattle
16th c P12 S Ecru S/2-ply n.a 6.5:1 Cattle Sheep collagen glue
Italy or Flanders 13th-14th c 3RU8457_1 S White S/2-ply 10–15 2:1 Cattle
3RU8457_2 S White S/2-ply 10–15 4.5:1 Cattle
Germany 14th c P1 S Ecru S/2-ply n.a 3:1 Cattle
Middle East (Iran or Iraq) 13th-14th c 5963_1 S Ecru S/2-ply n.a n.a Cattle
5963_2 5–10 n.a n.a

n.a = not analyzed. * Identified as hide glue based on the presence of collagen type III markers (see SI_Collagen Identification in Membranes). The analytical notation of the fibrous core indicates the twist of the core, and the number of yarns that make it up. The spin direction of individual yarns was not always clearly identified, and thus not reported in the results.