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. 2024 Mar 4;15:1977. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-46085-2

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Early embryogenesis in the sea lamprey is characterized by maternal-to-paternal mCG reprogramming that affects up to 31% of the embryonic genome. These epigenetic remodeling events occur both on a large-scale (PMDs, 29%) and at discrete gene regulatory elements (DMRs, NMIs – 2% of the genome, outside of PMDs). Reprogramming of PMD states is predominantly characterized by transitions from UMRs to PMDs and vice versa. Sequences that are eliminated during PGR in the early embryo are pre-targeted by DNA methylation in sperm. More research is needed to unequivocally determine whether the eliminated sequences are present or absent in the adult female germline. Created with BioRender.com.