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. 2024 Mar 4;14:5371. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-55998-3

Figure 5.

Figure 5

µCT analysis of the mandible. (A) 3D reconstruction of the mandible in E18.5 WT, Dhcr7 KO, and Sc5d KO mice. Definitions of landmarks: 1. most anterior point of the mandible; 2. anterior–superior point of the mandible; 3. mental foramen; 4. molar alveolus of dentary; 5. anterior junction of the mandibular ramus and body; 6. superior tip of the coronary process of the mandible; 7. most inferior point of the mandibular notch; 8. anterior point of the condylar process of the mandible; 9. posterior point of the condylar process of the mandible; 10. superior point of the angular process of the mandible; 11. secondary cartilage of the angular process of the mandible; 12. inferior junction of the mandibular ramus and body; 13. midpoint of the external oblique ridge; 14. inferior point of the mandibular body; and 15. mandibular foramen. Scale bar: 1 mm. (B) Wiring trace of the mandible in E18.5 WT (blue), Dhcr7 KO (orange), and Sc5d KO (red) mice. Arrows indicate the missing portion in Sc5d KO mice. (C) Quantification of the size (length, width, height, angle, and volume) of the mandible from Dhcr7 WT (green bars), Dhcr7 KO (yellow bar), Sc5d WT (blue bars), and Sc5d KO (red bars) mice. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ns, not significant. (D) Scatter plots of individual scores of PCA displaying the degree of morphological variances (length, width, height, angle, and volume) of the mandible in Dhcr7 WT (green dots), Dhcr7 KO (yellow dots), Sc5d WT (blue dots), and Sc5d KO (red dots) mice, shown by PC1 and PC2. Distribution in mutants (Sc5d KO and Dhcr7 KO) and control littermates (Sc5d WT and Dhcr7 WT) along with 11 principal components (blue arrows) are shown.